Basal Ganglia

Question 1

Are motor or sensory nuclei more medial?

Answer 1

motor
(sensory is lateral)
*remember paired on both sides

Question 2

what are the two common basal ganglia disorders?

Answer 2

parkinson’s and huntintons disease

Question 3

what does the cerebellum do?

Answer 3

coordinate movement unconsiously, helps with posture

Question 4

what does limbic system do?

Answer 4

memory, learn from past experiences, influenced by emotion

Question 5

basal ganglia are involved in the generation of _________ movement?

Answer 5

goal directed voluntary movement

• help prepare for movement and influence the execution of movement, not directly synapsing
• regulates sequencing of movements and motor pattern selection

Question 6

ganglia is all ____ mater?

Answer 6

all gray matter in brain, all nuclei

Question 7

what does it mean that the BS is an association loop?

Answer 7

from cortex back to cortex. no direct output to lower motor neurons

Question 8

basal ganglia is made of _____ fibers

Answer 8

association fibers! bc its’ connecting one area to another area within the same hemisphere; stays IN BRAIN within SAME side to MODIFY MOVEMENT

Question 9

what are the 5 major components of basal ganglia?

Answer 9

1) caudate nucleus
2) putamen
3) globus pallidus (internal and external segments; GPi and GPe)
4) subthalamic nucleus (STN)
5) substantia nigra (SN, in midbrain)

Question 10

____ + _____ = striatum

Answer 10

causdate + putamen= striatum

Question 11

the 5 components of BS are extensively interconnected SUBCORTICAL nuclei that function to?

Answer 11

plan and program motor function

Question 12

the BG is organised into what 2 major pathways?

*with relays back?

Answer 12

direct and indirect

*2 pathways with relays back to the motor related areas of the cortex via the thalamus

Question 13

what structurereceive virtually all INPUT into the BG circuitary from the cortex?

Answer 13

the caudate and putamen (aka striatum)

Question 14

the striatum has spiny neurons that?

Answer 14

receive the input from cortex and are primary output neurons

Question 15

On either side of the internal capsule is ____ matter?

Answer 15

gray

Question 16

the spiney neurons of the striatum allow for?

Answer 16

a lot of opportunity for synapse; very extensive dendritic network for lots of info

Question 17

where does the striatum output go?

Answer 17

globus pallidus

Question 18

globus pallidus is found?

Answer 18

medial to the putamen and is ‘cupped’ by the causdate

Question 19

What is the BS output center?

Answer 19

globus pallidus

Question 20

What are the two parts of globus pallidus?

Answer 20

1) globus pallidus (lateral part)= EXTERNAL = GPe

2) globus pallidus (medial part)= INTERNAL =GPi

Question 21

where is the substania nigra located?

Answer 21

in the midbrain (look like the dark inner part of Micker’s ears -part of cerebral peduncle)

Question 22

what does the substania nigra house?

Answer 22

dopaminergic neurons, that act with globus pallidus internus (GPi)

Question 23

for our purposes, we will think of the GPi and ____ together

Answer 23

substania nigra =GPi/SN

**for direct only

Question 24

where is the subthalamic nuclei located? what does it do?

Answer 24

located below the thalamus
*used ONLY in the INDIRECT pathway. Receives input from the globus pallidus externus, sends output back to the globus pallidus internus, modifying the signal

Question 25

GPi projects to the?

Answer 25

thalamus, which relays the infoback to the frontal cortex to the moduate motor output

Question 26

path of association loop

Answer 26

1) start at cortex 2) striatum 3) globus pallidus 4) thalamus 5) ends back at cortex

Question 27

direct pathway

Answer 27

1) cortex 2) striatum 3) GPi/SN ***unique to direct 4) thalamus 5) cortex (motor, premotor) 5) corticospinal tract

Question 28

indirect pathway

Answer 28

1) cortex 2) striatum 3) GPe **** unique 4) STN *** unique to indirect 5) GPi 6) Thalamus 7) Cortex (motor, premotor) 8) Corticospinal tract

Question 29

Main function of direct and indirect pathway?

Answer 29

``` Direct= facilitates movement *purposful Indirect= gates out all other movement *dominates at rest to prevent extra movement ```

Question 30

What is ONLY in the direct pathway with GPI but not indiret?

Answer 30

substania nigra (SN)

Question 31

when do direct and indirect occur?

Answer 31

simultaneously, a balance of the two