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Head and Neck Anatomy > Spinal cord > Flashcards

Spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate? Name of this location?

A

at L1/L2 as conus medullaris, at some point the spinal cord stops growing as vertebrae continues

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2
Q

dural sac ends at?

A

L1

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3
Q

the cervical and lumbar enlargements correlate with?

A

the ventral plexuses

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4
Q

causa equina

A

bundle of nerve ROOTS that extend inferiorly from the lumbar and sacral levels that branch off the bottom of the spinal cord like a “horse’s tail.”

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5
Q

conus medullaris

A

conical lower extremity of the spinal cord, WHERE IT ENDS AT L1/L2

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6
Q

What are three distinctive spinal cord regional characteristics?

A

1) overall size
2) proportion of white matter (axons) to gray mater (Cell bodies)
3) unique features (IML cell column; T1-L2/L3)

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7
Q

gray matter and white matter are made up of?

A 
gray= cell bodies
white= axons
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8
Q

higher level regions of spinal cord have more or less white or gray matter?

A

less gray; higher level is larger with more motor and movement

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9
Q

thickening of gray matter at the end of spinal cord because?

A

condensation of nerves at conus medullaris; bunch of cell bodies for terminal part of spinal cord

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10
Q

the subdural space is below and above what?

A

below dura and above arachnoid

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11
Q

3 types of fiber tracts

A

1) assosciation
2) commissural
3) projection

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12
Q

association fibers

A

Constricted to the brain on SAME SIDE aka same hemesphere

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13
Q

commissural fibers

A

connecting 1 hemisphere to the other

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14
Q

projection fibers

A

any fiber that projects down or up from the cortex

*ALL motor tracts are projections

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15
Q

IMPORTANT association fiber example?

A

Broca’s area (speech production) to Warnike’s area (speech comprehension)

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16
Q

what is the arcuate fasciculus?Also known as

A

SLF= superior longitudinal fasciculus

**connects Broca’s area (speech production) to Warnike’s area (speech comprehension)

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17
Q

What is corpus callosum?

A

a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain

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18
Q

All tracts are made up of what type of fier?

A

projection

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19
Q

what is corona radiata?

A

is a white matter sheet that continues ventrally as the internal capsule and dorsally as the centrum semiovale. This sheet of both ascending and descending axons carries most of the neural traffic from and to the cerebral cortex

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20
Q

what are the 3 sections of projection fibers?

A

1) posterior funiculus
2) lateral funiculus
3) anterior funiculus

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21
Q

the posterior funiculus is completly made up of?

A

sensory tracts

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22
Q

the lateral and anterier supplied by?

A

by the anterior spinal artery

23
Q

the posterior funiculus is supplied by?

A

posterior spinal artery

24
Q

the lateral and anterior funiculi are made up of?

A

sensory and motor tracts

25
Q

all motor information comes from?

A

pre-central gyruc

26
Q

motor and sensory tracts run through white or gray matter?

A

white

27
Q

axons of upper motor neuron that go down to synapse on the lower motor neuron, which would be in the ___horn since we’re down in the spinal cord

A

ventral

28
Q

what are the 2 divisions of motor tracts we are going to learn?

A

they are corticospinal tracts

1) lateral corticopinal tract
2) anterior corticospinal tract
* *and has an associated tract called corticobulbar

29
Q

lateral corticopinal tract destined for?

A

extremities mainly hands/feet; go to OPPOSITE SIDE

30
Q

anterior corticospinal tract destined for?

A

postural muscles aka trunk; stay on SAME SIDE

31
Q

What tract STAYS on the same side of body? which one doesn’t?

A

lateral corticopinal tract= OPPOSITE

anterior corticospinal tract= SAME

32
Q

___% of corticol spinal tract is lateral?

A

90% is lateral because there is SO MUCH info going to the hands and feet

33
Q

why are the corticospinal tracts named the way they are?

A

lateral is in the lateral funiculus

anterior is in the anterior funiculus

34
Q

the corticospinal tract and what other tract start together and then split?

A

corticobulbar (split in bulb and goes to brain)

35
Q

upper motor neuron (UMN) is in the?

A

pre-central gyrus

36
Q

voluntary motor route (to leave brain) for corticospinal

A

1) cell bodies in pre-central gyrus
2) axons descend thru internal capsule
3) cerebral peduncle and pons
4) pyramids of medulla
***cross to opposite at decussation of pyramids
5) axons continue descending until the hit lower motor neuron (LMN)
6a option) CN nuclei (LMN) in brain-stem
6b option) LMN in ventral horn and leaves through other terminal branches

37
Q

internal capsule is a bundle of? Located where?

A

bundle of white mater that is running in between the thalamus and basal ganglia nuclei

38
Q

all voluntary motor is leaving through?

A

the same route

39
Q

what does cerebral peduncle?

A

connects cerebrum to brain-stem

40
Q

define ipsilateral

A

belonging to or occurring on the same side of the body

41
Q

define contralateral

A

relating to or denoting the side of the body opposite to that on which a particular structure or condition occurs

42
Q

any lesion that happens in the left cerebral peduncle affects?

A

right side motor

43
Q

any lesion that occurs in left ventral horn of T2 affects?

A

left side for motor

44
Q

UMN in one precentral gyrus will synapse on?

A

CONTRALATERAL LMN

45
Q

what happns to 10% of axons that DON’T decussate?

A

they will continue as the anterior corticospinal tract along the ipsilateral side

46
Q

each motor tract has how many neurons?

A

2

47
Q

where does upper and lower motor neuron reside?

A 
UMN= within precentral gyrus/motor cortex
LMN= within ventral horn of wherever signal terminates to the extremities at
48
Q

What does the UMN synapse on if it goes to brain-stem?

A

cranial nerve nucleii

49
Q

corticobulbar tract is voluntary control of?

A

skeletal muscle of head and neck through cranial nerve.

NOT eye movements- extraoccular muscles have a different tract

50
Q

corticobulbar tract route

A

UMN follows same course: precentral gyrus - internal capsule -cerebralpeduncle - synapse on cranial nerve motor nuclei throughout midrain/pons/medulla

51
Q

most cranial nerve nucleireceive bilateral input; what are the 4 big ones?

A

1) trigeminal
2) hypoglossal
3) nucleus ambiguos (CN 9 and 10)
4) facial (partially)
* 5, 7, 9, 10, 12 are all bilateral

52
Q

what CN receivese unilateral input?

A

unilateral=ipsilateral =CN 11

53
Q

why do unilateral corticobulbar tract lesions produceno remarkable clinical effect on head and neck muscles?

A

due primarily to bilateral corticobulbar input

*there are exceptions

54
Q

A lesion to the peripheral nerve results in?

A

loss of function (just like in spinal nerves)

Head and Neck Anatomy (46 decks)

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