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PHMP LEC 211 > BASIC IMMUNOLOGY > Flashcards

BASIC IMMUNOLOGY Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

cells, tissues, and molecules
that mediate resistance to infections

A

Immune system

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2
Q

study of structure and function of
the immune system, study of the reactions of a
host when foreign substances are introduced into
the body.

A

Immunology

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3
Q

resistance of a host to pathogens and
their toxic effects

A

Immunity

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4
Q

collective and coordinated
response to the introduction of foreign
substances in an individual mediated by the cells
and molecules of the immune system

A

Immune response:

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5
Q

Role of Immune System

A

Defense against microbes
Defense against the growth of tumor cells
- kills the growth of tumor cells
Homeostasis
- destruction of abnormal or dead cells

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6
Q

Immune System: Organs

A

Tonsils and adenoids
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Payer’s patches
Appendix
Lymphatic vessels
Bone marrow

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7
Q

Immune System: Cells

A

Lymphocytes
☐ T-lymphocytes
☐ B-Lymphocytes, plasma cells
☐ natural killer lymphocytes
Monocytes, Macrophage
Granulocytes
☐ neutrophils
☐ eosinophils
☐ basophils

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8
Q

are proteins
produced by plasma cells that binds selectively to a specific
antigens (microorganisms) enabling our immune system to fight
them efficiently.

A

Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins)

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9
Q

are proteins in our plasma that inhibits or kills
foreign cells

A

Complements

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10
Q

are secreted proteins and act as signaling molecules

A

Cytokines

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11
Q

2 VARIATIONS OF CYTOKINES

A

INTERLEUKINS & INTERFERONS

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12
Q

signaling molecules expressed by white blood cells
(mostly helper T cells) and are involved in production of more
immune cell (differentiation)

A

INTERLEUKINS

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13
Q

are a group of signaling proteins made and released
by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses

A

INTERFERON

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14
Q

Two types of Immunity

A

INNATE(NON-ADAPTIVE)
ACQUIRED (ADAPTIVE)

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15
Q

☐ first line of immune response
☐ relies on mechanisms that exist before
infection

A

Innate (non-adaptive)

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16
Q

Second line of response (if innate fails)
☐ relies on mechanisms that adapt after infection

A

Acquired (adaptive)

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17
Q

Acquired (adaptive) is handled by what cells?

A

T- and B- lymphocytes

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18
Q

one cell determines one antigenic determinant

A

Acquired (adaptive)

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19
Q

Based on genetic make-up; in born
Relies on already formed components

A

Innate Immunity

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20
Q

what is the rate of response of innate immunity

A

Rapid response: within minutes of infection

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21
Q

Non-specific
same molecules / cells respond to a range of
pathogens

A

Innate Immunity

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22
Q

immunity with no memory

A

Innate Immunity

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23
Q

Innate Immunity does not lead to?

A

Clonal expansion

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24
Q

Components of Innate immunity

A

Mechanical barriers / surface
secretion
Humoral mechanisms
Cellular defense mechanisms

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25
Mechanical barriers / surface secretion:
skin, acidic pH in stomach, cilia
26
Humoral mechanisms:
lysozymes, basic proteins, complement, interferons
27
Cellular defense mechanisms
natural killer cells, neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils
28
dilates blood vessel and induces inflammation through release of histamine and heparin. Recruits macrophages and neutrophils. Involved in wound healing and defense against pathogens but can also be responsible for allergic reactions
Mast Cell
29
Mast Cell location
Connective tissue; Mucous membrane
30
phagocytic cell that consumes foreign pathogens and cancer cells. stimulates response of other immune cells.
Macrophage
31
Macrophage location?
Migrate from blood vessels to the tissues
32
Kills tumor cells and virus infected cells.
Natural killer cell
33
Natural killer cell location?
Circulates in blood and migrates into tissues
34
Presents antigens on its surface, thereby triggering adaptive immunity
Dendritic cell
35
Dendritic cell location?
Present in epithelial tissue, including skin, lung, and tissues of the digestive tract. Migrates to lymph nodes upon activation
36
Differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells in response to inflammation
Monocyte
37
Monocyte location?
Stored in spleen, moves through blood vessels to infected tissues
38
First responders at the site of infection or trauma, the abundant phagocytic cell represents 50-60 percent all leukocytes.
Neutrophil
39
Neutrophil location?
Migrates from the blood vessel into tissues.
40
Responsible for defense against parasites. releases histamines that cause inflammation and may be responsible for allergic reactions.
Basophil
41
Basophil location?
Circulates in blood and migrates into tissues.
42
Releases toxins that kill bacteria and parasites but also causes tissue damage.
Eosinophil
43
Eosinophil location?
Circulates in blood and migrates in tissues.
44
Second line of defense
Adaptive Immunity
45
Based upon resistance acquired throughout life § Relies on genetic events and cellular growth
Adaptive Immunity
46
rate of response of Adaptive Immunity
Responds more slowly, over few days
47
Is specific § Each cell responds to a single epitope on an antigen
Adaptive Immunity
48
Adaptive Immunity lead to
clonal expansion
49
Natural active immunity:
Clinical, Sub-clinical Infection
50
Artificial Active immunity
Vaccination: Live, killed, purified antigen vaccine
51
Natural passive immunity:
Via Breast milk, Placenta; Vertically transmitted
52
Artificial passive immunity:
Immune serum, Immune cells (Immunoglobulins)
53
Adaptive Immune Mechanisms
Cell-mediated immune response (CMIR) Humoral immune response (HIR)
54
cell of Cell-mediated immune response (CMIR)
T-lymphocytes
55
Cell-mediated immune response (CMIR) eliminate _____microbes that survive within phagocytes or other infected cells
intracellular
56
cells of Humoral immune response (HIR)
B-lymphocytes
57
Humoral immune response (HIR) is mediated by?
antibodies
58
Humoral immune response (HIR) eliminates
extra-cellular microbes and their toxins
59
B lymphocytes recognize specific antigens ☐ proliferate and differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells
Humoral Response
60
Antibodies bind to specific antigens on microbes; destroy microbes via specific mechanisms
Humoral Response
61
Some B lymphocytes evolve into the resting state
memory cell
62
T-cell ☐ recognizes peptide antigen on macrophage in association with major histo compatibility complex (MHC) class ☐ identifies molecules on cell surfaces ☐ helps body distinguish non self materials
Cell Mediated Immune Response
63
T-cell goes into_____ cells stage that is able to kill infected cells
effectors
64
T- lympocytes 2 types
Helper T- lymphocytes (CD4+). Cytolytic T-lymphocyte (CD8+)
65
activate phagocytes to kill
Helper T- lymphocytes (CD4+)
66
destroy infected cells containing microbes or microbial proteins
Cytolytic T-lymphocyte (CD8+)
67
Primary response ☐ production of specific clones of ___ and ___
effector T cells and memory clones
68
Primary response develops in
several days
69
Primary response does what in the infection?
Limits
70
more pronounced, faster ☐ more effective at limiting the infection
Secondary response
71
Secondary response examples
cytotoxic reactions against intracellular parasites, delayed hypersensitivity (e.g., Tuberculin test) and allograft rejection
72
Antibodies (immunoglobulins) § Belong to the_____of serum proteins
gamma-globulin fraction
73
shapes of antibodies
T and Y-shaped polypeptides
74
Antibodies is composed of:
2 identical heavy chains § 2 identical light chains
75
Five kinds of antibodies
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
76
Antibodies are secreted into the blood and mucosa, where they bind to and inactivate foreign substances such as pathogens and toxins
Neutralization
77
Antibodies facilitate phagocytosis of foreign substances by phagocytic cells
opsonization
78
Refers to the clumping of particles together, is an antigen antibody reaction
Agglutination
79
IgG: Monomer ; ______ IgM: ___________; ______ IgA: ______;______ IgD: ______;______ IgE:______;______
Gamma Heavy chain Pentamer; Mu Heavy chain Monomeric; Alpha Heavy Chain Monomeric; Delta Heavy Chain Monomeric; Epsilon Heavy Chain
80

PHMP LEC 211 (15 decks)

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