MICROBIAL GROWTH

Question 1

Increase in the population of cells is called a

Answer 1

culture

Question 2

Cell division is by an asexual process called

Answer 2

binary fission

Question 3

the time it takes to divide
(double) is called

Answer 3

generation time

Question 4

Organisms are adjusting to the environment
(little or no division).

Answer 4

Lag Phase

Question 5

They are synthesizing DNA, ribosomes and
enzymes to breakdown nutrients, and to be
used for growth

Answer 5

Lag Phase

Question 6

Division is at a constant rate (generation time)
but varies with species, temperature and media.

Answer 6

Log or Logarithmic phase

Question 7

In Logarithmic Phase, cells are most susceptible to

Answer 7

inhibitors

Question 8

Dying and dividing organisms are at an
equilibrium.

Answer 8

Stationary phase

Question 9

Stationary phase

Death is due to _______. Cells are
smaller and have fewer ribosomes

Answer 9

reduced nutrients, pH changes,
toxic waste and reduced oxygen

Question 10

Stationary Phase

In some cases cells do not die but they are not

Answer 10

Multiplying

Question 11

The population is dying in a geometric fashion
so there are more deaths than new cells.

Answer 11

Death or Decline phase

Question 12

Deaths are due to the factors in ______in addition to lytic enzymes that are
released when bacteria lyse.

Answer 12

stationary
phase

Question 13

Population doubles every 20 minutes

Answer 13

Exponential Phase/Log Phase

Question 14

Factors That Affect Microbial Growth

Answer 14

1. Availability of
   Nutrients
2. Moisture
3. Temperature
4. pH
5. Osmotic
   Pressure
6. Barometric
   Pressure
7. Gaseous
   Atmosphere

Question 15

Components of Carbohydrates

Answer 15

C, O, H

Question 16

Components of Protein

Answer 16

C, O, H, N

Question 17

Electrolytes include

Answer 17

Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca, Fe, I, Zn

Question 18

Other growth factors are organized into three
categories:

Answer 18

Purines and Pyrimidines
Amino Acids
Vitamins

Question 19

required for
synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

Answer 19

Purines and pyrimidines

Question 20

Five membered ring:

Six membered ring:

Answer 20

Purine
Pyrimidine

Question 21

required for the synthesis of
proteins

Answer 21

Amino Acids

Question 22

Amino acids produced by the body, and do not need exogenous source

Answer 22

Non-essential Amino Acid

Question 23

Amino Acids which are not produced in the body and are acquired through an external source

Answer 23

Essential Amino Acids

Question 24

Vitamins: co____

Minerals: co____

Answer 24

enzymes

factors

Question 25

needed as coenzymes and functional groups of certain enzymes

Answer 25

Vitamins

Question 26

(organisms that use CO2 as a carbon source)

Answer 26

Autotrophs

Question 27

(organisms that use organic compounds as a carbon source)

Answer 27

Heterotrophs

Question 28

(organisms that use light as an energy source)

Answer 28

Phototrophs

Question 29

(organisms that use chemical as energy source)

Answer 29

Chemotrophs

Question 30

(organisms that use CO2 as a carbon source) and (organisms that use light as an energy source)

Answer 30

Photoautotrophs

Question 31

(organisms that use organic compounds as a carbon source) and (organisms that use light as an energy source)

Answer 31

Photoheterotrophs

Question 32

(organisms that use CO2 as a carbon source) and (organisms that use chemical as energy source)

Answer 32

Chemoautotrophs

Question 33

(organisms that use organic compounds as a carbon source) and (organisms that use chemical as energy source)

Answer 33

Chemoheterotrophs

Question 34

is essential to all life on Earth.

Answer 34

water

Question 35

Cells are composed of between______% water

Answer 35

70—95

Question 36

All living organisms require water to carry out their normal ____, and most will die in environments containing too little moisture.

Answer 36

metabolic processes

Question 37

complete drying process

Answer 37

Desiccation

Question 38

the temperature at which the microorganisms grows best

Answer 38

Optimum growth temperature

Question 39

– below this, the microorganisms cease to grow

Answer 39

Minimum growth temperature

Question 40

above this, the microorganisms die

Answer 40

Maximum growth temperature

Question 41

Range in between the MIN. GT and MAX. GT

Answer 41

Temperature range

Question 42

microorganisms that grows at temperature of 50-60°C

Answer 42

Thermophiles

Question 43

microorganisms that grow best at moderate temperature of 20-40°C

Answer 43

Mesophiles

Question 44

Pathogenic infections are considered and categorized as

Answer 44

Mesophiles

Question 45

– prefer cold temperature of 10- 20°C

Answer 45

Psychrophiles

Question 46

OGT is 4°C (refrigerator temperature

Answer 46

Psychrotrophs

Question 47

can tolerate or endure very cold temperature of less than –4°C

Answer 47

Psychrodurics

Question 48

refers to the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution and, thus, the acidity or alkalinity of the solution.

Answer 48

pH

Question 49

Most microorganisms prefer a pH of

Answer 49

neutral or slightly alkaline growth medium (pH 7.0–7.4)

Question 50

is the pressure that is exerted on a cell membrane by solutions both inside and outside the cell.

Answer 50

Osmotic Pressure

Question 51

Normal salt conc.

Answer 51

Isotonic

Question 52

Diluted salt conc.

Answer 52

Hypotonic

Question 53

Saturated salt conc.

Answer 53

Hypertonic

Question 54

(shrinkage of plasma membrane away from the cell wall) in hypertonic

Answer 54

plasmolysis

Question 55

(leakage of cytoplasm from the cell)

Answer 55

plasmotypsis

Question 56

thrives at high salt concentration such as V. cholerae

Answer 56

Halophilic

Question 57

survive at high salt concentration such as S. aureus

Answer 57

Haloduric

Question 58

Atmospheric pressure=

Answer 58

Barometric Pressure

Question 59

serves as electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.

Answer 59

Oxygen

Question 60

Bacteria can be divided into the following groups based on their oxygen requirements:

Answer 60

Obligate Aerobe Microaerophilic Facultative Anaerobe Obligate Anaerobe Capnophile

Question 61

Glucose is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O, requiring 21% oxygen.

Answer 61

Obligate aerobe

Question 62

The metabolic process is comparable to obligate aerobes but requires 1-15 % oxygen.

Answer 62

Microaerophilic

Question 63

In the absence of O2, glucose undergoes glycolysis to pyruvic acid, and then fermentation takes place.

Answer 63

Facultative anaerobe

Question 64

Glucose undergoes glycolysis to pyruvic acid, then fermentation or anaerobic respiration in which oxygen is not the final electron acceptor.

Answer 64

Obligate anaerobe

Question 65

Some organisms use ___, ____, ____, as their final electron acceptor.

Answer 65

nitrate, sulfate or carbonate

Question 66

Requires carbon dioxide to survive.

Answer 66

Capnophile