NERVOUS-URINARY

Question 1

What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?

Answer 1

The brain and spinal cord

The brain is protected by the skull bones, while the spinal cord is protected by the backbone.

Question 2

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Answer 2

The nerves that branch from the CNS

Question 3

What are the three layers of membranes that cover the CNS?

Answer 3

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 4

Where does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulate?

Answer 4

Between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater in the subarachnoid space

Question 5

What are the three major causes of bacterial meningitis?

Answer 5

Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis

Question 6

Fill in the blank: One of the major causes of bacterial meningitis is _______.

Answer 6

Listeria monocytogenes Type B

Question 7

What is the normal flora location for H. influenzae?

Answer 7

Throat

H. influenzae is associated with the Hib conjugated vaccine.

Question 8

What type of vaccine is used for N. meningitidis?

Answer 8

Purified capsular polysaccharide vaccine

N. meningitidis is normally found in the throat.

Question 9

Where is S. pneumoniae normally found?

Answer 9

Nasopharynx

S. pneumoniae is associated with a conjugated vaccine.

Question 10

What is the role of Procalcitonin in CSF fluid analysis?

Answer 10

Used as a diagnostic marker

It is one of the markers to test for changes in CSF fluid.

Question 11

Which populations are at risk for meningitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes?

Answer 11

Newborns, immunosuppressed individuals, pregnant women, cancer patients

Listeriosis may be asymptomatic in healthy adults.

Question 12

How can Listeria monocytogenes affect pregnancy?

Answer 12

Can cross the placenta causing spontaneous abortion and stillbirth

It is acquired by ingestion of contaminated food.

Question 13

What causes Tetanus?

Answer 13

Exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani

The neurotoxin tetanospasmin leads to symptoms like Lock Jaw.

Question 14

What is the treatment for Tetanus?

Answer 14

Anti-tetano or Tetanus toxoid

These treatments are aimed at neutralizing the toxin.

Question 15

What is the main characteristic of Botulism?

Answer 15

Caused by an exotoxin produced by C. botulinum

The toxin inhibits nerve impulse transmission.

Question 16

What are the symptoms of Botulism?

Answer 16

Blurred vision, progressive flaccid paralysis

Symptoms can lead to respiratory and cardiac failure.

Question 17

What causes infant botulism?

Answer 17

Growth of C. botulinum in an infant’s intestines

This condition is related to the floppy baby syndrome.

Question 18

What test is used to diagnose leprosy?

Answer 18

Lepromin test

It assesses the activity of leprosy.

Question 19

What are the two types of leprosy?

Answer 19

Lepromatous and Tuberculous

Each type has distinct clinical features.

Question 20

What is the drug of choice (DOC) for leprosy?

Answer 20

Dapsone + Clofazimine

These medications are used to treat leprosy effectively.

Question 21

What are the common symptoms of Poliomyelitis?

Answer 21

Sore throat, nausea, occasional paralysis

Fewer than 1% of cases result in paralysis.

Question 22

How is Poliovirus transmitted?

Answer 22

Ingestion of water contaminated with feces

It first invades lymph nodes and the small intestine.

Question 23

What is the Salk vaccine?

Answer 23

Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)

Involves injection of formalin-inactivated viruses.

Question 24

What is the Sabin vaccine?

Answer 24

Oral polio vaccine (OPV)

Contains three live, attenuated strains of poliovirus.

Question 25

What does the Rabies virus cause?

Answer 25

Acute, usually fatal, encephalitis ## Footnote It is contracted through the bite of a rabid animal.

Question 26

What are the symptoms of Rabies?

Answer 26

Spasms of mouth and throat muscles, extensive brain and spinal cord damage ## Footnote These symptoms often lead to death.

Question 27

What is included in the postexposure treatment for rabies?

Answer 27

Administration of human rabies immune globulin (RIG) along with multiple intramuscular injections of vaccine.

Question 28

What does preexposure treatment for rabies consist of?

Answer 28

Vaccination.

Question 29

What are the symptoms of arboviral encephalitis?

Answer 29

Chills, headache, fever, and eventually coma.

Question 30

What causes an increase in the incidence of arboviral encephalitis?

Answer 30

The increase in mosquitoes during the summer months.

Question 31

What is a significant risk associated with Zika virus disease during pregnancy?

Answer 31

CNS birth defects if it infects a fetus.

Question 32

What is the most effective way to control arboviral infections?

Answer 32

Control of the mosquito vector.

Question 33

What is cryptococcosis?

Answer 33

Also known as cryptococcal meningitis caused by Cryptococcus spp.

Question 34

How can cryptococcosis be contracted?

Answer 34

By inhaling dried infected pigeon or chicken droppings.

Question 35

Who is most susceptible to cryptococcosis?

Answer 35

Immunosuppressed individuals.

Question 36

What is the diagnosis method for cryptococcosis?

Answer 36

Latex agglutination tests for cryptococcal antigens in serum or CSF.

Question 37

What protozoa cause African Trypanosomiasis?

Answer 37

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.

Question 38

What is the common name for African Trypanosomiasis?

Answer 38

Sleeping sickness.

Question 39

What hinders vaccine development for African Trypanosomiasis?

Answer 39

The protozoan’s ability to change its surface antigens.

Question 40

What is the fatality rate of encephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri?

Answer 40

Almost always fatal.

Question 41

What is the role of the urinary system?

Answer 41

Regulates chemical composition and volume of blood and excretes nitrogenous waste and water.

Question 42

What prevents urine from flowing back to the urinary bladder and kidneys?

Answer 42

Valves.

Question 43

What is the primary function of the reproductive system?

Answer 43

Produces gametes for reproduction and supports the growing embryo in females.

Question 44

What is the most common cause of urinary tract infections?

Answer 44

Opportunistic gram-negative bacteria from the intestines.

Question 45

What are the common etiologies of cystitis?

Answer 45

E. coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

Question 46

What is pyelonephritis?

Answer 46

Inflammation of the kidneys, usually a complication of lower urinary tract infections.

Question 47

What is the causative agent of leptospirosis?

Answer 47

Leptospira interrogans.

Question 48

What is the recommended drug of choice for treating leptospirosis?

Answer 48

Doxycycline.

Question 49

What are the common symptoms of gonorrhea in men?

Answer 49

Painful urination and pus discharge.

Question 50

What is a significant complication of untreated gonorrhea?

Answer 50

Blockage of the urethra and sterility.

Question 51

What is the most common cause of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)?

Answer 51

Chlamydia trachomatis.

Question 52

What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

Answer 52

Extensive bacterial infection of the female pelvic organs.

Question 53

What bacteria commonly cause PID?

Answer 53

N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, and other bacteria.

Question 54

What is the diagnosis method for gonorrhea?

Answer 54

ELISA or NAATS.

Question 55

Fill in the blank: Most infections of the reproductive system are _______.

Answer 55

sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Question 56

True or False: Most STIs can be prevented by the use of condoms.

Answer 56

True.