MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE EYES AND SKIN(2)

Question 1

is a physical barrier against microorganisms.

Answer 1

skin

Question 2

_____areas of the skin support larger populations of
bacteria than dry areas.

Answer 2

Moist

Question 3

Structure and Function of the Skin

Answer 3

1. Epidermidis
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous
4. Adipose tissue/ fats

Question 4

Components:

Answer 4

➔ Keratin
➔ Sebum
➔ Perspiration

Question 5

waterproofing of the skin

Answer 5

➔ Keratin

Question 6

oil that moisturizes the skin

Answer 6

➔ Sebum

Question 7

regulates body temp

Answer 7

➔ Perspiration

Question 8

● The outer portion of the skin
● Composed of several layer of epithelial cells

Answer 8

EPIDERMIDIS

Question 9

The outermost layer, the stratum corneum, consists of
many rows of dead cells that contains a waterproofing
protein called keratin

Answer 9

EPIDERMIDIS

Question 10

Effective physical barrier against mo

Answer 10

EPIDERMIDIS

Question 11

● The inner, relatively thick portion of skin
● Composed mainly of connective tissue

Answer 11

DERMIS

Question 12

DERMIS
● The _____,_____,____, in the dermis provide passageways through which
microorganisms can enter the skin and penetrate deeper
tissues.

Answer 12

hair follicles, sweat gland ducts, and oil gland
ducts

Question 13

● Provides moisture and some nutrients for microbial
growth
● Also contains salt which inhibits many microorganisms

Answer 13

PERSPIRATION

Question 14

PERSPIRATION
Contains the enzyme _______, which is capable of
breaking down the cell walls of certain bacteria; and
antimicrobial peptides.

Answer 14

lysozyme

Question 15

● Secreted by oil glands
● A mixture of lipids (unsaturated fatty acids), proteins,
and salts
● Prevents skin and hair from drying out

Answer 15

SEBUM

Question 16

MUCOUS MEMBRANE
● a.k.a.

Answer 16

Mucosa

Question 17

● Lines the body cavities that open to the exterior, i.e.
gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary, and genital tracts

Answer 17

MUCOUS MEMBRANE

Question 18

● Consists of sheets of tightly packed epithelial cells
attached at their bases to a layer of extracellular material
called basement membrane

Answer 18

MUCOUS MEMBRANE

Question 19

Membranes of the eyes are mechanically washed by
_____, and the _____ in tears destroys the cell walls
of certain bacteria

Answer 19

tears

lysozymes

Question 20

Microorganisms that live on skin are resistant to

Answer 20

desiccation and high concentrations of salt.

Question 21

predominate on the skin.

Answer 21

Gram-positive cocci

Question 22

Members of the genus ______ metabolize oil
from the oil glands and colonize hair follicles.

Answer 22

Cutibacterium

Question 23

______yeast grows on oily secretions and
may be the cause of dandruff.

Answer 23

Malassezia furfur

Question 24

The majority (90%) of skin microbiota consist of
coagulase-negative_____

Answer 24

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Question 25

dandruff:

Answer 25

Seborrheic dermatitis

Question 26

are small fluid-filled lesions

Answer 26

Vesicles

Question 27

are vesicles larger than 1 cm

Answer 27

Bullae

Question 28

are flat, reddened lesions

Answer 28

Macules

Question 29

are raised lesions

Answer 29

Papules

Question 30

are raised lesions containing pus

Answer 30

Pustules

Question 31

are spherical gram-positive bacteria that form irregular grape-like clusters

Answer 31

Staphylococci

Question 32

● Coagulase-positive: ● Coagulase-negative:

Answer 32

S. aureus S. epidermidis

Question 33

Localized infections (____) result from entry of _____ through openings in the skin.

Answer 33

sties, pimples, and boils S. aureus

Question 34

is a furuncle which extensively damages neighboring tissues

Answer 34

Carbuncle

Question 35

Produce a hard, round deep inflammation of tissue under the skin

Answer 35

Carbuncle

Question 36

occurs when toxins enter the bloodstream

Answer 36

Toxemia

Question 37

staphylococcal toxemias include :

Answer 37

scalded skin syndrome and toxic shock syndrome

Question 38

is also characteristic of the late stages of toxic shock syndrome (TSS).

Answer 38

● Scalded skin syndrome

Question 39

Potential life-threatening condition, fever, vomiting, and a sunburn-like rash

Answer 39

Scalded skin syndrome

Question 40

Scalded skin syndrome Caused by a staphylococcal toxin called

Answer 40

TSST-1

Question 41

● Very common on the skin ● Generally pathogenic only when the skin barrier is broken or is invaded by medical procedures, e.g. insertion and removal of catheters into veins

Answer 41

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Question 42

● Resident microbiota of the nasal passage -produce coagulase

Answer 42

Staphylococcus aureus “gold”

Question 43

Staphylococcus aureus Forms

Answer 43

golden-yellow colonies

Question 44

Causes food poisoning

Answer 44

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 45

is a highly contagious skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus Characterized by isolated yellow pustules that become crusted.

Answer 45

Impetigo

Question 46

S. aureus produces exfoliative toxins:

Answer 46

★ Exfoliatin A ★ Exfoliatin B

Question 47

causes localized, bullous impetigo

Answer 47

Exfoliatin A

Question 48

causes the systemic infection of scalded skin syndrome

Answer 48

★ Exfoliatin B

Question 49

are gram-positive spherical bacteria that usually grow in chains.

Answer 49

Streptococci

Question 50

Cause a wide range of disease conditions including meningitis, pneumonia, sore throat, otitis media, endocarditis, puerperal fever, and even dental caries.

Answer 50

Streptococcus

Question 51

Streptococci are classified according to their

Answer 51

hemolytic enzymes (hemolysin) and cell wall antigens.

Question 52

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci

Answer 52

Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 53

Streptococcus pyogenes ● Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GAS) produce a number of virulence factors:

Answer 53

M protein, deoxyribonuclease, streptokinases, and hyaluronidase.

Question 54

Cause severe and rapid tissue destruction.

Answer 54

Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 55

● Skin erupts into reddish patches with raised margins

Answer 55

ERYSIPELAS

Question 56

ERYSIPELAS ● Can progress to local tissue destruction and even enter the bloodstream causing

Answer 56

sepsis

Question 57

● Usually appears first on the face ● High fever is common

Answer 57

ERYSIPELAS

Question 58

ERYSIPELAS ● Can cause

Answer 58

acute glomerulonephritis and scarlet fever

Question 59

● Invasive group A streptococcal infection that destroys tissue and initially resembles TSS ● “Flesh-eating bacteria”

Answer 59

Necrotizing fasciitis

Question 60

● Causes by pyrogenic toxins, streptococcal M Protein types (act as superantigens) ● Associated with streptococcal TSS

Answer 60

Necrotizing fasciitis

Question 61

● Aerobic gram-negative rod ● Resistant to many antibiotic and disinfectant

Answer 61

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 62

● Can survive in any moist environment, traces of unusual organic matter such as soap films, cap liner adhesives ● Common nosocomial infection

Answer 62

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 63

● Diseases caused by P. aeruginosa include

Answer 63

otitis externa (inflammation of external part of the ear) , respiratory infections, burn infections, and dermatitis

Question 64

Produces an endotoxin and several exotoxins

Answer 64

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 65

● Causes deep-tissue ulceration

Answer 65

Mycobacterium ulcerans

Question 66

● Mycobacterium ulcerans ● Causes deep-tissue ulceration or

Answer 66

Buruli ulcer

Question 67

● Cutibacterium acnes ➔ Formerly known as

Answer 67

Propionibacterium acnes

Question 68

● Cutibacterium acnes ➔ Tx:

Answer 68

Isotretinoin (LAST LINE OF TREATMENT

Question 69

Cutibacterium acnes:

Answer 69

● Comedonal (mild) acne ● Inflammatory (moderate) acne ● Nodular cystic (severe) acne

Question 70

cause skin cells to proliferate and produce a benign growth called a wart or papilloma.

Answer 70

Papillomaviruses

Question 71

Warts are transmitted from one person to another by

Answer 71

direct contact, even sexually

Question 72

WARTS Common strain:

Answer 72

16 & 18

Question 73

WARTS Pharmacologic Treatment

Answer 73

➔ Salicylic acid ➔ Podofilox ➔ Imiquimod ➔ Bleomycin

Question 74

WARTS Nonpharmacologic Treatment

Answer 74

➔ Cryotherapy : freeze ➔ Electrodessication ➔ Acid treatment : glycolic acid ➔ Laser

Question 75

Variola, also known as _____, is caused by an _____ known as _____ (variola) virus.

Answer 75

smallpox;orthopoxvirus

Question 76

Variola virus causes two types of skin infections:

Answer 76

variola major and variola minor.

Question 77

Smallpox is transmitted by the ____ route, and the virus is moved to the skin via the ____.

Answer 77

respiratory bloodstream

Question 78

VARIOLA:

Answer 78

1. Zaire Ebolavirus (EBOV) 2. Sudan Ebolavirus (SUDV) 3. Tai Forest Ebolavirus (TAFV) 4. Bundibugyo Ebolavirus (BDBV) 5. Reston Ebolavirus (RESTV)

Question 79

Is a relatively mild disease when contracted, as it usually is, in childhood.

Answer 79

Chickenpox (varicella)

Question 80

It is the initial infection of a herpesvirus Varicellovirus

Answer 80

Varicella-Zoster

Question 81

The species is varicella-zoster, or officially

Answer 81

human herpesvirus (HHV-3)

Question 82

is transmitted by the respiratory route and is localized in skin cells after about 2 weeks.

Answer 82

HHV-3

Question 83

Complications of chickenpox include

Answer 83

encephalitis and Reye’s syndrome

Question 84

HHV-3 can be treated with

Answer 84

acyclovir

Question 85

Characterized by a vesicular rash along the affected cutaneous sensory nerves

Answer 85

Shingles

Question 86

After chickenpox, the virus can remain latent in nerve cells and subsequently activate as ____

Answer 86

Shingles

Question 87

Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) can be separated into two identifiable groups:

Answer 87

● HSV-1 (or human herpesvirus 1) : oral ● HSV-2 (or human herpesvirus 2): genital

Question 88

➔ Herpes simplex (HSV-1) infection of mucosal cells ➔ Painful, short-lived vesicles that occur near the outer red margin of the lips

Answer 88

Cold sores

Question 89

¨HSV-1 is transmitted primarily by

Answer 89

skin contact, oral and respiratory routes.

Question 90

occurs when herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) infect the brain.

Answer 90

Herpes encephalitis

Question 91

Cold sores Treatment

Answer 91

Acyclovir

Question 92

Caused by measles virus

Answer 92

Measles (Rubeola)

Question 93

An extremely contagious viral disease transmitted by the respiratory route

Answer 93

Measles (Rubeola)

Question 94

against measles provides effective long-term immunity

Answer 94

MMR vaccine

Question 95

After the measles virus has incubated (10-12 days) in the upper respiratory tract, the following signs and symptoms appear. ➔ _____ appear on the skin. ➔ ______ appear on the oral mucosa.

Answer 95

Macular lesions Koplik’s spots

Question 96

is transmitted by the respiratory route and causes a red rash and light fever.

Answer 96

Rubella (German measles)

Question 97

can affect a fetus when a woman contracts rubella during the first trimester of her pregnancy.

Answer 97

Congenital rubella syndrome

Question 98

● Fifth disease ➔ Also known as

Answer 98

erythema infectiosum

Question 99

Fifth disease ➔ Causes by

Answer 99

human parvovirus B19

Question 100

➔ Characterized by symptoms similar to mild influenza and a slapped-cheek facial rash that slowly fades

Answer 100

Fifth disease

Question 101

➔ Mild, very common childhood disease caused by HHV-6 and HHV-7

Answer 101

● Roseola - Roseola infantum ( tigdas)

Question 102

- kaposi sarcoma, people who have aids

Answer 102

HHV8

Question 103

An infection in young children in day care, preschool, and kindergarten ➔ Caused by several enteroviruses

Answer 103

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease

Question 104

Spread by contact with mucous or saliva of an infected person

Answer 104

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease