Behavioral science 8.1–3

Question 1

Social facilitation

Answer 1

Performance of different tasks based on the fact that they are around others. Yerkes-Dodson Law : simple tasks become much easier to do under higher arousal levels, but complex tasks have a sweet spot in the middle of arousal levels

Question 2

Deindividuation

Answer 2

Individual behavior becomes very different social environments because of anonymity and loss of individual identity

Question 3

Bystander effect

Answer 3

People do not intervene to help victims when others are present. People are less likely to know that someone in need when there are more people around, and will likely help out more often in higher levels of danger.
Group cohesiveness also affects likelihood of response

Question 4

Social loafing

Answer 4

The tendency to put in less effort when in a group setting.

Question 5

Peer pressure

Answer 5

When like individuals pressure you into a new idea we’re action

Question 6

Identity shift effect

Answer 6

And individual conforms to new norms because of a threat to disruption of harmony

Question 7

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 7

The simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions. This is uncomfortable and typically leads to an identity shift to the opinion excepted by society or the group

Question 8

Social interaction

Answer 8

How individuals can shape each other’s behaviors

Question 9

Group polarization

Answer 9

In group discussion decisions become more extreme and polarized to one side

Question 10

Risky shift

Answer 10

The theory that ideas become more extreme in a group setting

Question 11

Choice shift

Answer 11

Not necessarily polarization, but the change of the group behavior as a whole

Question 12

Massive Steria

Answer 12

Shared intense concerns about threats to society

Question 13

Culture

Answer 13

Defined as beliefs, behaviors, action, and characteristics of a group

Question 14

Culture shock

Answer 14

Dramatic change in culture when traveling outside of one’s own group

Question 15

Assimilation

Answer 15

The blending and mixing of cultures to become one new culture. Or the dominance of one culture to overcome another

Question 16

Ethnic enclaves

Answer 16

High concentrations of one specific ethnicity (Chinatown)

Question 17

Multiculturalism

Answer 17

Communities or societies with many cultures. Cultures are not mixed or blended rather respected.

Question 18

Subcultures

Answer 18

Groups within a culture that are more unique. Includes counterculture - Cultures at odds with the majority culture

Question 19

Socialization

Answer 19

Developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs.

Question 20

Cultural transmission versus cultural diffusion

Answer 20

Transmission (method) is the manner in which society socializes, and diffusion (action) is the spread of norms, customs, and beliefs

Question 21

Primary socialization

Answer 21

Cultural norms learned vibes serving parents and adults

Question 22

Secondary socialization

Answer 22

Societal norms that are learned within smaller sections of society. Taught versus observed

Question 23

Anticipatory socialization

Answer 23

The preparation for future changes in one’s community

Question 24

Resocialization

Answer 24

Process of discarding old behaviors in favor of new ones to fit into society

Question 25

Norms, Mores, social control, and sanctions

Answer 25

Norms-societal rules that define acceptable behavior Mores-widely observed societal norms Social control – regulating the behavior of individuals and groups Sanctions - actions taken to promote social norms

Question 26

Taboo

Answer 26

Socially unacceptable

Question 27

Folkways

Answer 27

Behaviors that are Polite and particular social situations

Question 28

Agents of socialization

Answer 28

Family, peers, religion, government, media, work, ethnic background, clubs or social groups, and school

Question 29

Labeling theory

Answer 29

Affects not only have others look at someone’s behaviors but also someone’s self image

Question 30

Differential association theory

Answer 30

Deviance can be learned through interactions with others if they fall into the wrong group

Question 31

Strain theory

Answer 31

Reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure. Applying to deviance

Question 32

Normative conformity

Answer 32

Changes behaviors because fear of rejection

Question 33

Internalization

Answer 33

Changing one’s own behavior to fit that in the whole group

Question 34

Identification

Answer 34

Acceptance of others ideas without personally taking them in

Question 35

Compliance

Answer 35

The change of behavior based on a direct request

Question 36

Obedience

Answer 36

The change of behavior based on a direct order

Question 37

Foot in the door technique

Answer 37

Starting with a small request and then making a larger request

Question 38

Door the face technique

Answer 38

Initial large request is made, and once refused, a second small request is made

Question 39

Lowball technique

Answer 39

Initially saying that something will not require a a large amount of work, but overtime becomes a bigger project

Question 40

That’s not all technique

Answer 40

Making a better offer before a decision is made

Question 41

Social cognition

Answer 41

Ways in which people think about others and how they impact behavior

Question 42

Attitude

Answer 42

The positive or negative feelings towards a person place or thing

Question 43

Components of attitude

Answer 43

Affective component – the way person feels/emotion Behavioral component – the way person acts with respect to something Cognitive component – the way in which someone thinks about something

Question 44

Functional attitudes theory

Answer 44

There are four functions of attitude Knowledge - the organization of thoughts and experiences Ego expressive – communicating and solidifying our self identity Adaptive - acceptance if socially acceptable attitudes are Ego defensive – protection of our own self-esteem or justifying actions that we know we’re wrong

Question 45

Learning theory

Answer 45

Attitudes are developed through different forms of learning

Question 46

Elaboration likelihood model

Answer 46

Based on the idea that people think with either central route processing, the processing of facts and knowledge, or peripheral route processing, the processing of other not necessarily related information such as outfit. Judging the book by its cover.

Question 47

Social cognitive theory

Answer 47

Behavior is developed by direct observation of others actions/behaviors, influence of personal factors, and the environment. (Behavioral, environmental, personal)