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Behavioural Neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

Define behavioural neuroscience

A

The area of psychology that looks for the neural physiological correlations of behaviour

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2
Q

What is the limbic system responsible for?

A

◦ Involved in emotion
◦ developed more rapidly than the preferential cortex during adolescence, which may explain behaviour that appears to be emotionally rather than rationally driven

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3
Q

What are the three general categories of tools researchers have their disposal for exploring the brain?

A
  1. Molecular methods
  2. Brain lesions
  3. Neuroimaging
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4
Q

How are brain lesions discovered?

A

◦ Discovered in the 1800s in Phineas gauge, 25-year-old railway worker who suffered an accident in which a railroad tie lasted through his head, and under his cheekbone and activity to the top of his scull
◦ he survived, but after the accident, he was just described as “no longer himself”, prone to impulsivity, unable to stick to plans, and unable to demonstrate empathy. He was said to be a completely different person.
◦ The accident severely damaged, his prefrontal cortex

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5
Q

What is a prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

An area of the brain that is known to be involved in reflection, planning, emotional regulation, and theory of mind

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6
Q

What is the theory of mind?

A

The ability to understand the perspectives of others

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7
Q

What could be concluded following any brain damage in an accident?

A

If damage to an area of the brain resulted in a change of behavior, than that area must be directly involved in on the or part of the network of region is involved in, the functioning of that behaviour

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8
Q

What two things can Neuro imaging techniques be?

A

Structural or functional

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9
Q

What are structural imaging techniques?

A

They provide a picture of the brain and show anatomical regions, and where they are located in respect to each other
◦ They do not offer any insight into which regions are active at a given time

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10
Q

What are functional imaging techniques?

A

They demonstrate which parts of the brain are active and into what extent, as experimental participants manifest behaviour

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11
Q

What are two types of structural techniques?

A

◦ Computerize tomography (CT)
◦ Magnetic Race imaging (MRI)

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12
Q

What are CT scans?

A

Computerized, tomography scans, also known as CAT (computerized axle tomography) scans, use computer to combine many cross-sectional (tomographic) images generated from the differential absorption of x-rays of an anatomical part of the human brain or a subsection of it
◦ The different differential absorption are used to create a 3-D structural “snapshot” that appear as a series cross-sectional images

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13
Q

What are MRI scans?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging uses a strong magnet in which cause protons to a line, spin, and generate a detectible radio–frequency signal that is measured by antenna is close to the anatomy being examined
◦ They only provide structural data and high-quality “snapshots” that provide 3-D views of the target tissues
◦ They cannot be used to analyze the function of the brain across time

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14
Q

Compare CT scans and MRIs. What are the advantages of each?

A

◦ Advantages of CT scans include a very rapid acquisition of images of a large portion of the body, generally lower cost, more open and less noisy machinery, subjects do not have to remain completely motionless, and there is no prohibition on implanted medical devices
◦ For brain imaging, CT scans are preferred when speed is important such as during a suspected stroke
◦ Advantages of MRIs include higher resolution, and therefore a more detailed image. They provide much more detail about soft tissues, and do not use x-rays and do not include significant exposure to ionizing radiation, which makes MRI safer in most instances.

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15
Q

What are four types of functional imaging?

A
  1. EEG
  2. MEG
  3. fMRI
  4. PET
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16
Q

What is EEG?

A

Electroencephalography is a relatively non-invasive method of gathering functional information about brain activity
◦ Electrodes are placed on the scalp to measure voltage functions in the ion current of the brain neurons and the resulting traces are known as EEGs
◦ Each trace represents the net electrical signal of a large number of neurons
◦ EEG’s provide functional data of the brain. Electrical mineral oscillation also called brain waves that have extremely precise temporal resolution.

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17
Q

What can cause EEG traces to differ?

A

The patient state of consciousness – awake, REM sleep, and one sleep, and two sleep, and three sleep, etc. also the frequency, amplitude, and waveforms of the measured EEG traces differ

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18
Q

What are EEG’s useful for diagnosising?

A

◦ Seizures
◦ Sleep disorders
◦ Other conditions that involve activity and balances in certain parts of the brain

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19
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of EEG compared to fMRI and PET?

A

◦ Advantages include less hardware, bulk, lower hardware costs, relative tolerance of movement, much higher, temporal, resolution, non aggrevations of claustrophobia, and silence
◦ disadvantages include far lower spatial resolution, poor measurement of neural activity that occurs below the cortex, poor signal to noise ratio, and significant additional preparation time

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20
Q

What is an MEG?

A

Magnetoencephalography is a functional narrow imaging technique for mapping brain activity that occurs the magnetic field produced by the brain’s electrical current
◦ It uses very sensitive, magneto meters, usually using an array of SQUIDs (superconducting quantum interference device devices)

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21
Q

What advantages and disadvantages does MEG have compared to fMRI and PET?

A

◦ MEG has similar advantages and disadvantages as EEG compared to fMRI and PET

◦ Advantages include less hardware, bulk, lower hardware costs, relative tolerance of movement, much higher, temporal, resolution, non aggrevations of claustrophobia, and silence
◦ disadvantages include far lower spatial resolution, poor measurement of neural activity that occurs below the cortex, poor signal to noise ratio, and significant additional preparation time

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22
Q

How does an MEG differ to an EEG?

A

◦ NEG has better spatial resolution of the brain activity. It can detect, while EEG can detect activity in more areas of the brain.
◦ Also, MEG requires expensive, bulky machinery, as well as a magnetically shielded room

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23
Q

What is an fMRI?

A

◦ A functional magnetic resonance imaging, uses a computer to combine a series of magnetic residence images taking less than a second apart to provide a functional picture of how brain activity changes overtime
◦ It can also display changes in oxygen level, which indicate blood flow, in various regions of the brain in real time and can be used to produce activation maps that indicate the areas of the brain involved in particular mental processes

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24
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of an fMRI?

A

◦ Advantages are that it is considered safer than PET, because PET requires subjects to be injected with radioactive active substances
◦ The locational precision of fMRI data is more precise than PET and far more precise than EEG
◦ It is more cost-effective than PET
◦ The main disadvantage of FMRI is that the subject has to remain completely still in a noisy cramped space while the imaging is performed, and it is not possible to question the subject during the fMRI

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25
What is a PET?
Positron emission tomography, is a nuclear medicine imaging technique that produces a 3-D image of a functional metabolic processes across time ◦ It requires the subject to be injected with a Poron – admitting radio nuclear tracer, which is introduced to the body on a biologically, active molecule, such as glucose. 3-D images of the tracer concentration within the body are constructed by a computer analysis that allowed the movement of and changes in the tracer concentration to be displayed in real time.
26
What are the benefits of a PET?
◦ Modern PET–CT scanners are often used in conjunction, and this combination can provide a detailed structural image of the brain together with functional data ◦ PET is a valuable technique for some diseases and disorders because it is possible to image specific radio Dash chemicals used for particular bodily functions
27
What is the central nervous system?
The CNS is composed of the brain in the spinal cord
28
What is the peripheral nervous system?
The PNS is composed of all of the axons, dendrites and cell bodies, not in the brain and spinal cord
29
Where is the majority of neuron cell bodies found?
Within the central nervous system
30
What are nuclei?
A structure composed of bundled neuronal cell bodies
31
What are ganglia?
Somas located outside the central nervous system, found in bunches
32
What are the three subdivisions of the brain?
1. The hindbrain 2. The midbrain 3. The forbrain
33
What does the entire CNS float in?
Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
34
What is cerebral spinal fluid?
A clear liquid that serves various functions such as shock, absorption, and exchange of nutrients and waste with the CNS
35
What is the spinal cord connected to?
It is connected to the brain and is protected by the CSF and the vertebral column
36
What is the function of the spinal cord?
It is a pathway for information to and from the brain ◦ Most sensory data is relayed to the brain for integration, but the spinal cord is also a site for information integration and processing ◦ It is responsible for simple spinal reflexes (like the muscle stretch reflex) and is also involved in primitive processing such as Joaquin, urination, and sex organ function
37
What is included in the hindbrain?
◦ The medulla ◦ The pons ◦ The cerebellum
38
Where is the medulla located?
The medulla oblongata is located below the pond and in the area of the brain that connects to the spinal cord ◦ It is part of the hind brain
39
What is the function of the medulla?
The medulla oblongata functions in a lane information between the other areas of the brain, and regulates vital autonomic functions such as blood pressure and digestive functions (including vomiting) ◦ The respiratory rhythmicity centres are part of the medulla
40
Where is the pons located?
◦ Located below the midbrain and above the medulla oblongata ◦ It is the connection point between the brainstem, and the cerebellum ◦ It is part of the hindbrain
41
What is the function of the pons?
◦ It controls some autonomic functions and coordinates movement ◦ It plays a role in balance and antigravity posture ◦ Both the cerebellum and the pons receive information from the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear, which monitor is acceleration and position relative to gravity
42
Where is the cerebellum located?
Also called the Little brain, it is located behind the ponds and below the cerebral hemispheres
43
What is the function of the cerebellum?
◦ It is an integrating centre where complex movements are coordinated ◦ An instruction for movement from the fore brain, it must be sent to the cerebellum where the millions of decisions necessary for smooth extent of the movement are made ◦ Both the cerebellum and the pons receive information from the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear, which monitors acceleration and position or relative to gravity
44
What would damage to the cerebellum resulting?
Poor hand-eye coordination, and balance
45
What is the function of the midbrain?
◦ A relay for visual and auditory information and contains much of the reticular activating system (RAS)
46
What is the function of the reticular activating system?
The RAS is responsible for arousal or wakefulness
47
What makes up the brain stem?
◦ The medulla ◦ The pons ◦ The midbrain
48
What is the function of the brain?
◦ It contains important processing centres and relays information to or from the cerebellum and cerebrum
49
What does the forbrain include?
◦ The diencephalon ◦ The telencephalon
50
What does the diencephalon include?
◦ The thalamus ◦ The hypothalamus
51
Where is the thalamus located?
Near the middle of the brain below the cerebral hemisphere and above the mid brain
52
What is the function of the thalamus?
It contains relay and processing centres for sensory information
53
Where is the hypothalamus located?
Directly in front or interior to the thalamus, and above the midbrain
54
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
◦ It interacts directly with many parts of the brain ◦ It contained centres for controlling emotions and automatic functions ◦ It has a role in hormone production and release ◦ It is a primary link between the nervous and endocrine system ◦ By controlling the pituitary gland, it is the fundamental control centre for the endocrine system
55
What does the telencephalon consist of?
Two separate cerebral hemispheres
56
What do all parts of the CNS up to and including the diencephalon form?
A single symmetrical stock
57
What does the left hemisphere primarily control?
The motor functions of the right side of the body ◦ It is also responsible for speech
58
What does the right hemisphere primarily control?
The motor functions of the left side of the body ◦ Is more involved in visual–spatial reasoning, and music
59
What connects to the cerebral hemispheres?
A thick bundle of axons called the corpus callosum
60
What is the cerebrum?
The largest region of the human brain and consists of the large, paired cerebral hemispheres, which consist of cerebral cortex plus an inner core of white matter, connecting the cortex to the diencephalon
61
What is the largest region of the human brain?
The cerebrum
62
What is the cerebral cortex?
An outer layer of gray matter ◦ Divided into four lopes, each of which is subdivided into specific functions ◦ The four lobes are: the frontal lobes, the parietal lobes, the temporal lobes, the occipital lobes
63
What is gray matter composed of?
Trillions of somas
64
What is white matter composed of?
Myelinated axons
65
What are the cerebral hemispheres responsible for?
Conscious thought processes and intellectual functions ◦ It also plays a role in processing somatic, sensory, and motor information
66
What are the four lobes the cerebral cortex is divided into?
1. The frontal lobes 2. The parietal lobes 3. The temporal lobes 4. The occipital lobes
67
What is the function of the frontal lobes?
Initiate all voluntary movement and are involved in complex reasoning, skills, and problem-solving
68
What is the function of the parietal lobes?
Involved in general sensations (such as touch, temperature, pressure, vibration) and in gestation (taste) ◦ They receive input from Mckenna receptors and proprioceptor
69
What is the function of the temporal lobes?
They process auditory and all factory sensation and are involved in short term, memory, language, comprehension, and emotion
70
What is the function of the occipital lobes?
They process visual sensation
71
What is the basil nuclei?
◦ Composed of grey matter under located deep within the cerebral hemispheres ◦ Also called the cerebral nuclei or the basal ganglia
72
What is the function of the basal nuclei?
◦ Includes several functional subdivisions, but broadly function, involuntary motor control, and procedural learning related to habits ◦ The basal nuclear and cerebellum work together to process and coordinate movement initiated by the primary motor cortex ◦ The basal nuclei are inhibitory (preventing excessive movement), while the cerebellum is excitatory
73
What do the basil ganglia and cerebellum work together to do?
To process and coordinate movement initiated by the primary motor cortex ◦ The basal ganglia are inhibitory (preventing excessive movement), while the cerebellum is excitatory
74
Where is the limbic system located?
Between the cerebrum and the diencephalon
75
What is structures are included in the limbic system?
◦ The amygdala ◦ The cingulate gyrus ◦ The hippocampus
76
What structures does the limbic system work closely with?
Parts of the cerebrum, diecephalon, and midbrain
77
What is the function of the limbic system?
It is important in emotion and memory
78
What is the general function of the spinal cord?
Simple reflexes
79
What is a general function of the medulla?
Involuntary functions (like blood pressure, blood flow, heart rate, coughing, or sneezing)
80
What is the general function of the pons?
Relay station and balance
81
What is the general function of the cerebellum?
Movement coordination
82
What is the general function of the mid brain?
Eye movement (integration of visual and auditory information and visual and auditory reflexes)
83
What is the general function of the thalamus?
Integrating centre and relay station
84
What is the general function of the hypothalamus?
Homeostasis and behaviour
85
What is the general function of the basal nuclei?
Movement
86
What is the general function of the limbic system?
Emotion, memory, and learning
87
What is the general function of the cerebral cortex?
Perception, skeletal muscle movement, memory, attention, thought, language, and consciousness
88
What is the general function of the corpus callosum?
Connection - connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres
89
How are motor and sensory regions of the cortex organized?
So that a very specific, small area of the cortex controls a specific body part ◦ A larger area is devoted to body parts which require more control or more sensation, such as facial muscles and fingers
90
How can neurotransmitters be divided?
Into excitatory transmitters and inhibitory neurotransmitters
91
What do excitatory transmitters do?
Increase the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron firing
92
What do inhibitory neurotransmitters do?
Decrease the likelihood of postsynaptic neuron firing
93
What are the primary functions of the neurotransmitter dopamine?
◦ Reward, mood, pleasure, smooth motor movements, focus and attention
94
What can shortages of the neurotransmitter dopamine lead to?
◦ Depression, lethargy, and difficulty coordinating motion
95
What are the primary function functions of the neurotransmitter serotonin?
◦ Mood, digestion, sleep, memory, sexual drive
96
What can shortages in the neurotransmitter serotonin lead to?
◦ Aggression, compulsive behavior, over eating, and depression
97
What are the primary functions of the neurotransmitter melatonin?
◦ Circadian rhythm, sleepiness, sleep in initiation (melatonin is technically a "neurotransmitter like substance")
98
What can shortages of the neurotransmitter melatonin lead to?
Insomnia
99
What are the primary functions of the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)?
◦ Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
100
What can shortages of the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) lead to?
◦ Stress and anxiety, depression, ADHD, panic disorders, and a host of other disorders
101
What are the primary functions of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine?
◦ Excitation at neuromuscular junction, parasympathetic nervous system activity
102
What can shortages of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine lead to?
◦ Disfunction of the GI track and paralysis
103
What are the primary functions of the neurotransmitter epinephrin (adrenaline) and norepinephrin (nor adrenaline)?
◦ Two similar molecules, both involved in fight or flight response, sympathetic, nervous system activation ◦ Both are hormones and neurotransmitters
104
What can shortages of the neurotransmitters epinephrin (adrenaline) and norepinephrin (no adrenaline) lead to?
◦ Fatigue, lack of focus, apathy
105
What are the primary functions of the neurotransmitter glutamate?
◦ Primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, learning, memory, long-term potentiation
106
What can shortages of the neurotransmitter glutamate lead to?
◦ Fatigue, low concentration, and energy
107
What are two of the most important neurotransmitters in the brain?
◦ Dopamine ◦ Serotonin
108
What are the three dopaminergic pathways
1. The mesolimbic circuit 2. The nigrostriatal circuit 3. The mesocortical circuit.
109
What is the mesolimbic circuit known as?
A natural pathway for feelings of reward and pleasure
110
What is the nigrostriatal circuit involved in?
◦ Movement and coordination
111
What is the mesocortical circuit involved in?
Higher cortical functions, thought, planning, and emotional regulation
112
Where do serotonin pathway project from?
From the raphe nucleus
113
What are the functions of the dopamine pathway?
◦ Reward (motivation) ◦ Pleasure, euphoria ◦ Motor functioning (fine-tuning) ◦ Compulsion ◦ Perserversation
114
What are the functions of the serotonin pathways?
◦ Mood ◦ Memory processing ◦ Sleep ◦ Cognition
115
What is the difference between neurotransmitters and hormones?
◦ Neurotransmitters: are considered the significant chemicals of the nervous system ◦ Hormones: are considered the signalling chemicals of the endocrine system * there can be some overlap
116
What is the primary function of the hormone cortisol?
Stress, sympathetic, nervous system response
117
What is the primary function of the hormone oxytocin?
◦ trust, formation of social bonds, sexual reproduction, mother – infant bonding
118
What is the primary function of the hormone endorphins?
◦ Pleasure, arousal, pain suppression
119
What is the primary function of the hormone leptin?
◦ Regulate energy, inhibit, hunger
120
What are the four primary hormones?
1. Cortisol 2. Oxytocin 3. Endorphins 4. Leptin
121
What are the seven primary neurotransmitters?
1. Dopamine 2. Serotonin 3. Melatonin 4. Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) 5. Acetylcholine 6. Epinephrin (adrenaline) and norepinephrin (noradrenaline) 7. Glutamate
122
How do neurotransmitters and hormones differ in their area of operation?
◦ The area of operation for neurotransmitters is: the synaptic cleft between neurons ◦ The area of operation for hormones is: the bloodstream
123
How do neurotransmitters and hormones differ in what they are produced by?
◦ Neurotransmitters are produced by: neurons ◦ Hormones are produced by: endocrine glands
124
How does the activation period of neurotransmitters and hormones differ?
◦ The activation period of neurotransmitters is: Extremely fast (a few milliseconds) ◦ The activation period of hormones is: can be longer (a few seconds to a few days)
125
How do the target cells of neurotransmitters and hormones differ?
◦ The target cells of neurotransmitters are: neighboring neurons or cells ◦ The target cells of hormones are: can be more distant cells throughout the body
126
Where is the limbic system located?
A collection of brain structures that lie on both sides of the thalamus
127
What is the primary responsibility of the limbic system?
Emotional experiences
128
What is the main structure involved in a motion in the limbic system?
the amygdala
129
What does the amygdala look like?
It is an almond shaped structure deep within the brain
130
What is the function of the amygdala and who does it communicate with?
◦ It serves as the conductor of the orchestra of our emotional experiences. It plays a key role in the identification and expression of fear and aggression. ◦ It communicates with the hypothalamus and the prefrontal cortex
131
What does the hypothalamus control?
The physiological aspects of emotion, such as sweating and racing heart
132
What does the prefrontal cortex control?
Approach and avoidance behaviours – the behavioural aspects of emotion (the prefrontal cortex is not however, part of the limbic system)
133
What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for controlling?
The activities of most of the organs and glands and controls arousal
134
What structure primarily controls the autonomic nervous system?
The hypothalamus
135
What is the sympathetic nervous system do?
It provides the body with brief, intense, vigourous response responses ◦ Is often referred to as a fight or flight system ◦ Increases heart rate, blood, pressure, and blood sugar levels in preparation for action ◦ It directs the adrenal glands to release the stress, hormones, epinephrine, and epinephrin
136
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do during a calm resting state when no crisis is present?
It provides signals to the internal organs
137
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do when activated?
It leads to changes that allow for recovery and the conservation of energy, including an increase in digestion and the repair of body tissues
138
What is an increase in the activity in the prefrontal cortex associated with?
A reduction in emotional feelings, especially fear and anxiety
139
What role does the prefrontal cortex play in executive functions?
◦ Higher order, thinking processes, such as planning, organizing, inhibiting behavior, and decision-making
140
What would damage to the prefrontal cortex result in?
May lead to inappropriateness, impulsivity, and trouble with initiation
141
At what age is the preferential cortex fully developed?
Mid 20s (26)
142
What is a behaviour connected to self-control and impulse regulation?
Addiction
143
Discuss addiction
◦ Has a strong biological basis ◦ many drugs, or other pleasures, behaviors, and primary reinforcers such as food or sex, share the characteristic of stimulating the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens
144
What is the nucleus accumbens often described as?
The primary centre for reward in the brain
145
How can emotional experiences be stored?
As memories that can be recalled in similar circumstances
146
What is the role of the hippocampus?
A brain structure that plays a key role in forming memories
147
What happens regarding emotions when memories are formed
The motions that are associated with those memories are also encoded ◦ the recall of similar emotions when thinking about a memory isn't even conscious often
148
What kind of changes to the brain occur in long-term memory storage?
Permanent changes like structural and functional connections between neurons
149
What are nodes in association to long-term memory?
When information is stored in long-term memory, it is organized as a network and in this network exist, individual ideas called nose, which can be thought of like cities on a map
150
What are associations in terms of long-term memory?
◦ The connection of notes are associations, which are like roads, connecting the cities on a map ◦ not all roads are created in some super highways and some dirt roads ◦ therefore the strength of an association in the network is related to how frequently and how deeply the connection is made ◦ retrieval of information improves as there are more and stronger connections to an idea
151
What is a response threshold in terms of long-term memory?
A note does not become activated until it receives input signals from its neighbours that are strong enough to reach a response threshold
152
What is summation in terms of long-term memory?
When the effect of input signals is cumulative – their response threshold is reached by the summation of input signals from multiple nodes ◦ stronger memories involve more neural connections in the form of more numerous dendrites, the stimulation of which can some more quickly and powerfullu to threshold
153
What is the process of spreading activation in terms of long-term memory?
When the activation of a few notes can lead to a pattern of of activation within the network that spreads onwards ◦ it suggests that when trying to retrieve information, we start the process from one note then we do not choose where to go next, but rather the activated node spreads its activation to other nodes around it to an extent related to the strength of the association between that note and others ◦ The network approach how to explain why hints may be helpful and the relevance of contextual clues
154
What is neural plasticity?
It refers to the malleability of the brain's pathways and synapsis based on behavior, the environment, and neural processes ◦ the brain undergoes changes throughout life, and therefore is not ecstatic organ
155
What is neurogenesis?
The birth of new neurons, has been found to occur to a small extent in the hippocampus and cerebellum
156
What role do NMDA receptors play?
NMDA, are receptors are targets of the neurotransmitter glutamate, within the hippocampus are thought to plan an important role in long-term differentiation and neuroplastic city by inducing, new connections, cell growth, and consolidation of new memories
157
What does the saying "what fires together, wires together" mean?
Nearby neurons that fire impulses, simultaneously form associations with each other ◦ these associations can create neural nuts, or patterns of activation, that represent information that is learned or stored in memory ◦ if any part of the neural net is activated, a memory may be recalled
158
Describe the neurobiology of schizophrenia
◦ Schizophrenia disorder, characterized by positive symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations and negative symptoms such as flat effect, disorganized, speech, and avolation ◦ it presents as a thought disorder, but also has a physical or neurological basis, determined by the mind-body dualism framework ◦ the hypoactivation of the frontal lobes may be responsible for the negative signs of schizophrenia, creating a kind of pseudo depression, flat effect, and impaired speech ◦ decreased working, memory is thought to be associated with decreased volume of the hippocampus ◦ individuals with schizophrenia have been found to have smaller brains due to atrophy: schizophrenic individuals displayed increased ventricles (cavities in the brain), and enlarged sulci, and fishers (less folding)
159
What nervous system disorders relate to neurobiology
◦ Schizophrenia ◦ depression ◦ stem cell based theory to regenerate neurons in the central nervous system
160
Describe how depression relates to neurobiology
◦ Appears to have a strong genetic basis – there is an increased risk of developing depression when a first-degree family member has it ◦ it has been linked to diminished functioning in the pathways in the brain that involves the neurotransmitter is dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine (antidepressants target and try to stimulate these pathways) ◦ can often accompany other neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's and traumatic brain injury due to damage to similar overlapping areas of the brain
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Describe how cell stem cell based therapy to regenerate neurons in the central nervous system relate to neurobiology
◦ Cell death is a characteristic of most central nervous system disorders and neurodegenerative disease diseases ◦ it has been theorized at neural stem cells, which have a pass to differentiate into any of the cell types of the nervous system, hold the key to curing damage to the CNS caused by the trauma or illness ◦ experiment of demonstrated that neural stem cells can migrate in replaced neurons in the CNS ◦ the studies will promise for cures of diseases, such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, and Huntington's

Psychology & Sociology (11 decks)

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