Personality, Motivation, & Emotion Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What three qualities do psychological disorders affect?
A
- Personality
- Motivation
- Attitude
2
Q
Define personality
A
◦ Essentially the individual patter of thinking, feeling, and behaviour associated with each person
◦ Hard to precisely define
◦ Are nuanced and complex
3
Q
What are the four perspecitvies that therapies to treat personality disorders are based on?
A
- Psychoanalytic therapy
- Humanistic or person-based therapy
- Behavioural therapy
- Cognitive behavioural therapy
4
Q
What is the psychoanalytic theory?
A
◦ Personality (made up of patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours) is shaped by a person’s unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories.
◦ Unconscious elements are derived from past experiences and experiences with early care givers
◦ What a person is conscious of is quite limited
◦ According to this theory, the existence of the unconscious is inferred from behaviours such as dreams, slips of the tongue, postthypnotic suggestions, and free associations
5
Q
What did Sigmund Freud do?
A
◦ Developed classical psychoanalytic theory, in which two instinctual drives motivate human behaviour - the ibido and the death instinct
6
Q
What are and explain the two instinctual drivers that motivate human behaviour as developed by Freud?
A
◦ Libido: or life instinct, drives behaviours focused on survival, growth, creativity, pain avoidance, and pleasure
◦ Death instinct: drives aggressive behaviours fueled by an unconscious wish to die or to hurt oneself or others
7
Q
What are the three personality components that function together?
A
◦ Id
◦ Ego
◦ Superego
8
Q
Define id
A
The largely unconscious id is the source of energy and instinct
◦ Ruled by the pleasure principle, the id seeks to reduce tension, avoid pain, and gain pleasure
◦ It does not use logical or moral reasoning, and it does not distinguish mental images from external objects
◦ According to Freud, young children function almost entirely from the id
9
Q
Define ego
A
The ego, ruled by the reality principle, uses logical thinking and planning to control consciousness and the id
◦ The ego tries to find realistic ways to satisfy the id’s desire for pleasure
10
Q
Define superego
A
The supergo inhibits the id and influences the ego to follow moralistic and idealistic goals rather than just realistic goals
◦ It strives for a ‘higher purpose’
◦ Based on societal values as learned from on’es parents, the superego makes judgments of right and wrong and strives for perfection
◦ It seeks to gain psychological rewards such as feelings of pride and self-love, and to avoid psychological punishment such as feelings of guilt and inferiority
11
Q
What is anxiety, according to Freud?
A
A feeling of dread or tension, a warning of potnetial danger, that occurs when a person begins to become aware of repressed feelings, memories, desires, or experiences
12
Q
What is the ego defense mechanism?
A
Something that people develop to cope with anxiety and to protect the ego
◦ It unconsciously denys or distorts reality
◦ It is normal, and only becomes unhealty when taken to the extremes
13
Q
Define repression
A
Lack of recall of an emotionally painful memory
14
Q
Define denial
A
Forceful refusal to acknowledge an emotionally painful memory
15
Q
Define reaction formation
A
Expressing the opposite of what one really feels, when it would feel too dangerous to express the real feeling (such as acting hateful toward someone to whom one is sexually attracted)
16
Q
Define projection
A
Attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to another person (“I’m not angry, you are”)
17
Q
Define displacement
A
Redirecting aggressive or sexual impulses from a forbidden action or object onto a less dangerous one (as when a person goes hime and kicks the dog instead of expressing anger at a boss)
18
Q
Define rationalization
A
Explaining and intellectually justifying one’s impulsive behaviour
19
Q
Define regression
A
Reverting to an earlier, less sophisticated behaviour (as when a child reverts to bedwetting after a trauma)
20
Q
Define sublimation
A
Channeling aggressive or sexual energy into positive, constructive activites, such as producting art
21
Q
According to the psychoanalystic theory…
A
at each developmental stage throughout the lifespan, certain needs and tasks must be satisfied
◦ When these needs and tasks are net met, a person harbors unresolved unconscious conflects that lead to psychological dysfunction
22
Q
What are the two different throeis of developmental stages?
A
- Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual stages
- Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages
23
Q
What is Sigmund Frued’s psychosexual stages based on the belief of?
A
The sexual energy is present from infancy, and that each person matures through give psychosexual stages, each corresponding to which part of the body is the focus of sensual pleasure
24
Q
What are the five psychosexual stages Freud outlined?
A
- Oral stage
- Anal stage
- Phallic stage
- Latent stage
- Genital stage
25
Explain each of the five stages of Frued's psychosexual theory
1. Oral stage: the child seeks sensual pleasure through oral activities such as sucking and chewing
2. Anal stage: the child seeks sensual pleasure through control of elimination
3. Phallic stage: the child seeks sensual pleasure through the genitals (at this point, the child is both sexually attracted to the oppsitue-sex parent and hostile toward the same-sex parent, who is seen as a rival - known as either the oedipus complex in a boy or the Electra complex in a girl - girls experience penis envy)
4. Latency stage: sexual interests subside and are replaced by interests in other areas such as school, friends, and sports
5. Genital stage: begins in adolesence, when sexual themes resurface and a person's life/sexual energy fuels activities such as friendhsips, art, sports, and careers
26
Differentiate b/w the Oedipus complex and the Electra complex
◦ The Oedipus complex occurs in boys when they are sexually attracted to their mom, and hostile towards their dad who they see as as rival
◦ The Electra complex occurs in girls when they are sexually attracted to their dad, and hostile towards their mom who they see as a rival
27
Explain penis envy
◦ Believed to occur in girls, during the phallic stage of Frueds psychosexual development
◦ Occurs when girls realise they do not have penises
28
According to Freud, adult personality is largely determined by what?
During the first three psychosexual stages
◦ If parents either frustrate or overindulge the child's expression of sensual pleasure at a certain stage so that the child does not resolve that stage's developmental comnflicts, the child becomes posychologically fixated at that stage, and will, as an adult, continue to seek sensual pleasure through behaviours related to that stage
29
What did Erik Erikson do?
Extended Frued's theory of developmental stages by added social and interpersonal factors, to supplement Frued's focus on unconscious conflects within a person
◦ He also delinated eight developmental stages and conflicts in adolscence and adulthood, to supplement Freud's focus on early childhood
30
What are Erikson's eight developmental stages?
1. Trust vs. mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3. Initiative vs. guilt
4. Industy vs. inferiority
5. Identity vs. role confusion
6. Intimacy vs. isolation
7. Generativity vs. stagnation
8. Integrity vs. despair
31
What is Erikson's first stage of development?
◦ Trust vs. mistrust
◦ The infant's task is to resolve the crisis of trust vs. mistrust
◦ If an infant's physical and emotional needs are not met, as an adult they may mistrust the world and interpsonal relationships
32
What is Erikson's second stage of development?
◦ Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
◦ The toddler must resolve the crisis of autonomy vs. shame and doubt
◦ If a toddler's need to explore, make mistakes, and test limits is not met, as an adult he or she may be dependent rather than autonomous
33
What is Erikson's third stage of development?
◦ Initiative vs. guilt
◦ The preschool-age child must resolve the crisis of initiative vs. guilt
◦ If a young child's need to make decisions is not met at this stage, as an adult they may feel guilty taking initiative and instead allow others to choose
34
What is Erikson's fourth stage of development?
◦ Industry vs. inferiority
◦ The school-aged child must resolve the crisis of industry vs. inferiority
◦ If a child's need to understand the world, develop a gender-role identity, succeed in school, and set and attain personal goals are not met at this stage, as an adult they may feel inadequate
35
What is Erikson's fifth stage of development?
◦ Identity vs. role confusion
◦ Occurs in adolescence, and involves resolving the crisis of identity vs. role confusion
◦ If an adolescent does not test limits and clarify their identity, goals, and life meaning, they may develop role confusion
36
What is Erikson's sixth stage of development?
◦ Intimacy vs. isolation
◦ Occurs in young adults, and involves resolving the crisis of intimacy vs. isolation
◦ If a person does not form intimate relationships at this stage, they may become alientated and isolated
37
What is Erikson's seveth stage of development?
◦ Generativity vs. stagnation
◦ Occurs in middle age, and must resolve the crisis of generativity vs. stagnation
◦ If a person does not at this stage feel productive by helping the next generation and resoling differences b/e actual accomplishments and earlier dreams, they may become stuck in psychological stagnation
38
What is Erikson's eighth stage?
◦ Integrity vs. despair
◦ In later life, a person must resolve the crisis of integrity vs. despair
◦ If a person looks back with regrets and a lack of personal worth at this stage, they may feel hopeless, guilty, resentful, and self-rejecting
39
What age correlates to the Oral stage and the trust vs mistrust stage?
Birth to 1 yr
40
What age correlates to the anal stage and the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage?
1-3 yr
41
What age correlates to the phallic stage and the initiative vs. guilt stage?
3-6 yr
42
What age correlates to the latency stage and the industry and inferiority stage?
6-12 yr
43
What age correlates to the genital stage and the identity vs. role confusion stage?
12-18 yr
44
What age correlates to the genital stage and the intimacy vs. isolation stage?
12-35 yr
45
What age correlates to the genital stage and the generativity vs. stagnation stage?
35-60 yr
46
What age correlates to the genital stage and the integrity vs. despair stage?
60+ yr
47
Explain psychoanalyic therapy
◦ Uses various methods to help a patient become aware of they unconsious motives and to gain insight into the emotional issues and conflicts that are presenting difficulties
◦ One goal is to help the patient become more able to choose behaviours consciously and to strngthen the ego, so that choices can be based on reality rather than on insticts (id) or guilt (superego)
◦ Sometime refered to as "talk therapy"
48
Explain the humanistic theory
◦ Focuses on healthy personality development
◦ Humans are seen as inherently good and as having free will, rather than having their behaviour determined by their early relationships (as seen with the psychoanalytic perspective)
◦ Believes the most basic motive of all people is the actualizing tendency, which is the innate drive to maintain and enhance the organism
◦ Believes a person will grow toward self-actualization, or realizing their human potential as long as no obstacle intervenes
◦ Developed by Carl Rogers
49
What did Carl Rogers do?
◦ Developed the humanistic theory
◦ Believes that when a child receives disapproval from a caregiver for certain behaviour, they sense that the caregiver's positive reard is conditional. Therefore the child introjects the caregiver's values , taking them on as part of they own self-concept
◦ The discrepancy b/e the conscious and unconscious eads to tension, not knowling oneself, and a feeling that something is wrong
50
Define self-concept
Is make up of the child's conscious, subjective perceptive perceptions, and beliefs about themself
◦ People choose behaviour consistent with their self-concepts, but if they encounter experiences in life that contradict their self-concepts, they feel uncomfortable incongruence
51
What is the goald of humanistic therapy?
◦ To provide an environment that will help clients trust and accept themselves and their emotional reactions so they can learn and grow from their experiences
◦ Also called person-centered therapy
52
Explain the behaviorist perspective
◦ Believes personality is a result of learned behaviour patterns based on a person's environment
◦ Argues that behaviorism is deterministic, proposing that people begin as blank slates, and that environmental reinforcement and punishment completely determine an individual's subsequent behaviour and personalities. This process begins in childhood and continues throughout the lifespan
◦ Believes that learning (and thus the development of personality) occurs through two forms of conditioning (classical conditioning and operant conditioning)
53
Differentiate b/w classical conditioning and operant conditioning
◦ Classical conditioning: a person acquires a certain response to a stimulus after that stimulus is repeatedly paired with a second, different stimulus that already produced the desire response. Also called associational learning
◦ Operant conditioning: behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them. Consequences are either reinforcements (which make it more likely that the operant will be repeated) or punishment (which make it less likely that the operant will be repeated). Both reinforcements and punishments can be positive and negative (in terms of whether the consequence involves the presence or absence of a particular stimulus)
54
What is an operant?
A person's action or behaviour that operates on the environment and produces consequences
55
Differentiate b/w a positive reinforcement and a negative reinforcement
◦ A positive reinforcement: is the presence of a rewarding stimulus
◦ A negative reinforcement: is the absence of an aversive (unpleasent) stimulus
56
Differentiate b/w a positive punishment and a negative punishment
◦ Positive punishment: is the presence of an aversive (unpleasent) stimulus
◦ Negative punishment: is the absence of a rewarding stimulus
57
Explain behavioural therapy
◦ Uses conditioning to shape a client's behaviours in the desired direction
◦ Uses the ABC model for a functional assessment of the antececents (A) and consequences (C) of the behaviour (B)
◦ Therapy then changes the atecedents and consequences by the least aversive means possible
58
Explain the social cognitive perspective
◦ Believes personality is formed by a reciprocal interaction among behavioural, cognitive, and environmental factors
◦ The behavioral compentent including oatterns of behaviors learned through classical and operant conditioning and observational learning - Believes poeple are more likely to imitate models whome they like or admire, or who seem similar to themselves
◦ The cognitive component includes the mental processes involved in observational or vicarious learning, as well as conscious cignitive processes such as self-efficacy beliefs (beliefs about one's own abilities)
◦ The environmental component includes situational influences, such as opportunities, rewards, and punishments
59
What is observational learning?
◦ Learning occurs when a person watches another person's behavior and its consequences, thereby learning rules, strategies, and expected outcomes in different situations
◦ Also called vicarious learning
60
Explain cognitive behavioural therapy
◦ Used in the social cognitive perspective
◦ When behavioural therpy is combined with a cognitive approach
◦ From the cognitive perspective, a person's feelings and behaviors are seen as reactions not to actual events, but to the person's thoughts about those events. Each person thus lives by self-created, subjective beliefs about themself, other people, and the world, and these beliefs color the person's interpretations of events
◦ Many of these beliefs are formed during childhood, and they are oftne unconscious
◦ From this perspective, the root of psychopathology are irrational or dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs
◦ The goal is to help the client become aware of these and substitute rational or accurate beliefs and thoughts, which will lead to more function feelings and behaviours
61
For psychoanalystic therapy, what is the:
◦ Assumed problem
◦ Therapy goals
◦ General method
◦ Assumed problem: unconscious forces and childhood experiences
◦ Therapy goals: reduce anxiety through self-insight
◦ General method: analysis and interpretation
62
For humanistic therapy, what is the:
◦ Assumed problem
◦ Therapy goals
◦ General method
◦ Assumed problem: Barriers to self-understanding and self-acceptance
◦ Therapy goals: Personal gorwth through self-insight
◦ General method: Active listening and unconditional positive regard
63
For cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), what is the:
◦ Assumed problem
◦ Therapy goals
◦ General method
◦ Assumed problem: maladaptive behaviour and/or negative, self-defeating thoughts
◦ Therapy goals: extinction and relearning of undesired thoughts/behaviors and healthier thinking and self-talk
◦ General method: Reconditioning, desensitization, reversal of self-blame
64
What is a personality trait?
A generally stable predispostion toward a certain behaviour
65
Explain the trait perspective
◦ Trait theories of personality focus on identifying, describing, measuring, and comparing individual differences and similarities with respect to such traits
◦ Distinguish b/w surface and source traits
66
Differentiate b/w surface traits and source traits
◦ Surface traits: are evident from a person's behaviour. There are many surface traits as they are adjectives for describing human behaviour
◦ Source traits: are the factors underlying human personalitt and behaviour. There are fewer source traits as they are less of them and they are more abstract. Each trait is not binary but a continuum ranging b/w two or more exxtremes, like extroversion and introversion
67
What did Raymond Cattell do?
◦ Used factor analysis with hundreds of surface traits to identify which traits were related to each other
◦ He identified 16 surface traits
68
What are the five global factors?
The five source traits are:
◦ extroversion
◦ anxiety
◦ receptivity
◦ accommodation
◦ self-control
69
What is the five-factor model?
◦ extroversion
◦ neuroticism
◦ openess to experience
◦ agreeableness
◦ conscientiousness
70
What are personality traits thought to do?
Help predict a person's performance and enjoyment in certain careers
71
Explain the biological perspective
◦ Believes that must of what we call personality is at least partly due to innate biological differences among people
◦ Connected to Hans Eysenck, Jeffrey Alan Gray, and C. Robert Clininger
72
What did Hans Eysenck do?
◦ Connected to the biological perspective
◦ Proposed that a person's level of extroversion is based on individual differences in the reticular fomation (which mediates arousal and consciousness)
◦ Also believed that a person's level or neuroticism is based on individual differences in the limbic system (which helps mediate emotion and memory)
73
What did Jeffrey Alan Gray do?
◦ Connected to the biological perspective
◦ Proposed that personality is foverned by interactions among three brain systems that respond to rewarding and punishing stimulit
◦ Believed fearfulness and avoidance are inked to the "fight-or-flight" sympathetic nervous system, that worry and anxiety are linked to the behavioural inhibition system, and that optimism and impulsivity are linked to the behavioural approach system
74
What did C. Robert Cloninger do?
◦ Connected to the biological perspective
◦ Linked personality to brainsystems involved with reward, motivation, and punishment
◦ Proposed that personality is linked to the level of activity of certain neurotransmitters in three interacting systems
75
What is the person-situation controversy?
◦ Considers the degree to which a person's reaction in a given situation is due to their personality (trait) or is due to the situation itself (state)
◦ Also known as the trait vs. state controversy
◦ Research suggests that while people's personality traits are fairly stable, their behaviour in specific situations can be variable (people do not act with predictable consistency, even if their personality traits are predictably consistent)
◦ Averaging behaviour over many situations is the best way to reveal distinct personality traits
76
Define traits
Considered to be internal, stable, and enduring aspects of personality that should be consistent across most situations
77
Define states
◦ Are situational
◦ They are unstable, temporary, and variable aspects of personality that are influenced by the external environment
78
What are social cues?
Verbal or nonverbal hints that guide social interactions
79
How do peoples behaviour differ in familar vs unfamiliar situations?
◦ In familiar situations, people may "act more like themselves"
◦ In unfamiliar situations, people tend to modify their behaviour based on social cues - therefore specific traits may remain hidden
80
What factors influence motivation?
◦ Instincts
◦ Drives / Negative feedback systems
◦ Arousal
◦ Needs
81
Explain how instincts influence motivation
◦ Instincts are behaviours that are unlearned and present in fized patterns throughout a species
◦ Instincts represent the contribution of genes, which predispose species to particular behaviours
82
Explain how drives/negative feedback systems influence motivations
◦ Physiological drives push organisms to act a certain way
◦ Drives can be useful for alerting an organism that it is no longer in a state of homeostatsis, an internal state of equilibrium
◦ They suggest that something is lacking and often work through negative feedback systems
83
Define a drive
An urge originating from a physiological discomfort such as hunger, thirst, or sleepiness
84
What is a negative feedback system?
Works by maintaining stability or homeostasis
◦ A system produces a product or end result, which feeds back to stop the system and maintain the product or end result within tightly controlled boundaries
85
Define instinct
Behaviours that are unlearned and present in fixed patterns through a species
86
Explain how arousal influences motivation
◦ Some behaviours are motives by a desire to achieve an optimum level of arousal
◦ On the other hand, feeling overstimulated can lead to feelings of stress, which may lead one to seek ways to relax or sleep
◦ Different people may have different optimal levels of arousal
87
Explain how needs influence motivation
◦ Both basic biological needs (physiological drives) and higher-level needs influence motivation
◦ Examples of needs are, a need for safety, a need for love and belonging, and a need for achievement
88
What three theories explain how motivation affects human behaviour?
1. Drive reduction theory
2. Incentive theory
3. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
89
What is the drive reduction theory?
◦ States that since drives are physiological states of discomfort, we are then motivated to reduce these drives through behaviours
◦ Suggests that a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce that need by engaging in some behaviour
◦ The greater the physiological need, the greater the physiological drive, an aroused, motivated state
90
What is the incentive theory?
◦ States that behaviours are most strongly motivated when there are physiological needs, strong positive incentives, and a lack of negative incentives
91
Define incentives
External stimuli, objects, and events in the environment that either help induce or discourage certain behaviours
◦ Can be positive and can drive us to do something
◦ Can be negative and stop us from doing something
92
Explain Maslow's hierarchy of needs
◦ Created by Abraham Maslow
◦ Shaped like a pyrmid
◦ At the base, physiological needs (basic elements needed to sustain human life)
◦ Then Safety needs, followed by love and belongingess, esteem needs, and at the top of the pyrmid, self-actualization
◦ One can only move up the pyrmid when the bottom need has been met
◦ Suggests that not all needs are created equally, some needs take priorit yover others
◦ This pyrmid places an emphasis of individuality
93
How do biological factors regulate motivation?
◦ Theorizes that our bodies have a "sweet spot" at which it is at homeostasis
◦ When we deviate from homeostasis, our body will encourage certain actions to return to it (through both interla responses and external responses - actions we take)
94
Define attitude
A person's feelings and beliefs about other people or events around them, and their tendency to react behaviorally based on those underlying evaluations
95
What are the ABC's of attitudes?
A = affect (emotion)
B = behaviour tendencies
C = cognition (thought)
96
When does attitude influence behaviour?
1. When social influences are reduced
2. When general patterns of behavior, rather than specie behaviors, are observed
3. When specific, rather than general, attitudes are considered
4. When attitudes are made more powerful through self-reflection
97
Define the principle of aggregation
An attitude affects a person's aggregate or average behaviour, but not necessarily each isolated act
98
How does behavior influence attitude? Give three examples
◦ Connected to the James-Lange theory of emotion which propsed that behavors may precede and infuence emotions
1. Role playing
2. Public declaration
3. Justification of effort
99
What was Zimbardo's Prison Study?
◦ Philip Zimbardo divided students into prisoners and guards in a mock prison. The students actively took on their role
◦ Participants reported feeling a sense of confusion about reality and rantasy as they became caught up in their roles
100
What is a public declaration?
Saying something publicly
101
What is a justification of effort?
When people modify their attitudes to match their behaviors
102
What is the "foot-in-the-door" phenomenon?
Involves enticing people to take small actions at first. Upon obtaining this level of involvement, the starts are raised. While people may have agreed to the initial ask, they feel internal pressure to go along with larger requests to justify their acceptance of the smaller requests
103
Explain cognitive dissonance theory
◦ Explains that we feel tension (dissonance) whenever we hold two thoughts or beliefs (cognitions) that are incompatible, or when attitudes and behaviors don't match
◦ Can make people feel like hypocrites
◦ The theory explains that to reduce this unpleasant feeling of tension, we make out views of the world match how we feel or what we've done
◦ Can also be used to explain the way people react after they make decisions
104
What are the three components of emotion?
◦ a physiological component (body)
◦ a behavorial component (action)
◦ a cognitive component (mind)
105
What is the physical aspect of emotion?
◦ One of physiological arousal, or an exitation of the body's internal state
106
What is the behavioral aspect of emotion?
◦ includes some kind of expressive behavior (ex. screaming, or hand over mouth)
107
What is the cognitive aspect of emotion?
◦ Involves an appraisal or interpretation of the situation
◦ Describes how the situation is interpreted or labeled (ex. fear vs surprise/excitment)
108
What are the six universal emotions?
◦ Happiness
◦ Sadness
◦ Surprise
◦ Fear
◦ Disgust
◦ Anger
109
How did the universal emotions occur?
◦ Darwin believed emotions had a strong biological biases and therefore, should be experiences and expressed in similar ways across cultures
◦ However, environmental factors like culture do play a role in how emotion is expressed
110
Explain the Yerkes-Dodson law
◦ States that the relationship b/w performance and emotional arousal is a U-shaped correlation: people perform best when they are moderately aroused
111
What are the three predmoninat theories that attempt to explain how the components of emotion are interconnect?
1. the physiological
2. the behavioral
3. the cognitive
112
Explain the James-Lange theory of emotion
◦ Proposes that we first experience the physiological response, and then we experience emotion
◦ Stimulus -> physiological response -> emotion
◦ Suggests that the emotional experience (the brain labeling the situation as fear-inducing) is the result of the physiological response
◦ Suggests that emotions are the result of physiological responses, and not their cause
113
What two assumptions of the James-Lange Theory are problematic?
1. Assumes that each emotion originates from a distinctive physiological state - incorrect/not reasonable
2. Assumes that we possess the ability to label physiological states accurately - incorrect as it depends on context
114
Why did Walter Cannon disagree with the James-Lange Theory?
Suggested,
1. that in order for the James-Lange theory to adequately describe the process of emotion, there must be different physiological responses corresponding to each different emotion
2. that physiological experiences do not appear to differ from each other to the extent that would be essential to discriminate one emotion from another based only on our bodily reactions
115
Explain the Cannon-Bard theory
◦ Performed experiment w/ cat, where severed the afferent nerves of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system (preventing the cat from recieving any physiological input from their body) and then exposed them to emotion-inducing stimuli
◦ Cannon and Bard found that the cats still experieced emotion (even in the absence of physiological input from their bodies
◦ Therefore, this theory suggests that after a stimulus, the physiological response and the experience of emotion occur simultaneously and independently of each other
◦ Simulus -> both physical and emotion independently
116
Explain the Schachter-Singer theory
◦ Argues that once we experience physiological arousal, we make a conscious sognitive interpretation based on our circumstances, which allows us to identify the emotion that we are experiencing
◦ Suggests that the cognitive label is given based on the situation
◦ As in the Cannon-bard theory, physiological states can be similar but cognitively labeled differently
◦ Stimulus -> Physiological response -> cognitive interpreation -> emotion
117
What is the shortcoming of the Cannon-Bard theory?
It struggles to explain how physiological responses influence cognitive aspects of emotion
118
What is the shortcoming of the Schachter-Singer theory?
It does not explain how physiological responses influence cognitive aspects of emotion
