Psychological Disorders & Stress Flashcards

Question

What is a general description of schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders?

Answer 1

Psychotic disorders are characterized by a general "loss of contact with reality" which can include "positive" symptoms such as dulusion and hallucinations and/or "negative" symptoms such as flattened afect (ex. monotone vocal expression)

Answer 2

Dissociative disorders are characterized by distruptions in memory, awareness, identity, or perception. Many dissociative orders are thought to be caused by psychological trauma

Answer 3

Personality disorders are characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior and cognition that depard from social norms, oresent across a variety of contexts, and cause significant dysfunction and distress. These pattersn permeate the brader personality of the person and typically solidify during late adolescence or early adulthood

Answer 4

Neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by developmental deficits varying from specific learning impairments to global impariments of social skills or intelligence

Answer 5

Neurocognitive disorders are characterized by cognitive abnormalities or general decline in memory, problem-solving, and/or perception

Answer 6

Feeding and eating disorders are characterized by abnormal eating behaviors such as severe undereating (anorexia nervosa) and purging to maintain unhealthy weight (bulimia nervosa)

Answer 7

◦anxiety disorders ◦obsessive-compulsive and related disorders ◦trauma and stressor related disorders ◦somatic symptom and related disorders ◦bipolar and related disorders ◦depressive disorders ◦schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders ◦dissociative disorders ◦personality disorders

Answer 8

An emotional state of unpleasant physical and mental arousal - a preparation to fight or flee ◦If a person has a medical condition or uses substances that are likely to be causing the symptoms, the diagnosis is “anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition” or “substance-induced anxiety disorder”

Answer 9

◦panic disorder ◦generalized anxiety disorder ◦specific phobia ◦social phobia (now call “social anxiety disorder”)

Answer 10

A person with a panic disorder has suffered at least one panic attack and is worried about having more of them. The panic attacks can be triggered by certain situations, but they are more often uncredited or “spontaneous,” occurring unexpectedly and with sometimes unpredictable frequency

Answer 11

A person commonly experiences intense dread, along with shortness of breath chest pain, a choking sensation, and cardiac symptoms such as a rapid heartbeat or palpitations. May be trembling, sweating, lightheadedness, or chills. ◦ Usually brief, but feel like forever for the person experiencing it ◦Can be debilitating if left untreated

Answer 12

A person with a generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) feels tense or anxious much of the time about many issues, but does not experience panic attacks ◦The source of this underlying, chronic nervousness can seem like a moving target, shifting from one situation to another, or there may be no identifiable source ◦The distress and impairment associated with GAD is not often severe ◦It may include restlessness, tiring easily, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, and insomnia or restless sleep

Answer 13

◦There are several types of phobias ◦In specific and social phobias, the sufferer feels a strong fear that they recognizes as unreasonable ◦They nevertheless almost always experiences either general anxiety or a full panic attack when confronted with the feared object or situation ◦People with phobias often go to great lengths to avoid the triggers they fear, and this avoidance itself is part of the symptom profile

Answer 14

A persistent, strong, and unreasonable fear of a certain object or situation. ◦Specific phobias are classed into four types (plus others) depending on the types of triggers they involve, including: situational, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, and animal

Answer 15

Flying, elevators, bridges, crowds (in Agoraphobia)

Answer 16

Thunderstorms, heights, water, lightning

Answer 17

Injections, blood, surgical procedures

Answer 18

Spiders, snakes, dogs…

Answer 19

Is an unreasonable, paralyzingly fear of feeling embarrassed or humiliated while one is seen or watched by others, even while performing routine actives such as eating in public or using a public restroom. ◦A prominent symptom is avoidance, which can lead to social isolation

Answer 20

These disorders feature at least one pronounced repetitive behaviour that exceeds cultural norms and rituals such as grooming practices or maintaining a healthy body weight ◦Unsuccessful attempts to decrease or otherwise manage these behaviours are also central to diagnosis ◦Without therapeutic intervention, these conditions tend to increase over time in terms of severity or level of self-harm or both

Answer 21

A person with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has obsessions, compulsions, or both.

Answer 22

Repeated, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts or impulses that cause distress or anxiety ◦The person know that the thoughts are irrational, and despite attempts to disregard or suppress them, typically resorts to responding to them through a compulsive behaviours

Answer 23

Related physical or mental behavors (ex. Counting) that are performed in response to an obsession or in accordance with a set of strict rules, in order to reduce distress or prevent something dreaded from occurring ◦The person realized that the compulsive behaviour is not reasonable, being either unrelated to the dreaded event, or related bye clearly excessive ◦Nevertheless, if the person does not perform the behaviour, they feel intense anxiety and a conviction treat the terrible event will happen

Answer 24

These are thoughts: ◦irrational fear of contamination by dirt, germs, or toxins ◦Pathological doubt that a task was done, or fear of behaving inadvertently harmed someone or violated a law ◦Fear of harming someone violently or sexually or otherwise behaving inadvertently an unacceptable way

Answer 25

These are actions: ◦washing self (often hands) or surroundings repeatedly, sometimes with a lengthy ritual ◦checking reatedly that a task was done, sometimes with a lengthy ritual ◦counting to a certain number before certain tasks, or performing a behaviour a certain number of times (such as folding a shirt) ◦arranging objects or performing actions with perfect symmetry or precision

Answer 26

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can rise when a person feels intense fear, horror, or helplessness after experiencing, witnessing, or otherwise confronting an extremely traumatic event that involves actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence to the self or others ◦Although most people will experience traumatic events, only a small sub-set will develop PTSD ◦Traumatic events is often relieved (not just remembered) through dreams and flashbacks in which the person feels as though the event is currently happening, and which can include multi sensory re-processing, of smells and sounds from the original event context ◦Some experience mental or physiological distress when reminded of the event, however indirectly ◦A person with PTSD tries to avoid people, places, feelings, thoughts, or conversations that are reminders of the event, or even avoids people and feelings in general ◦For a diagnosis of PTSD, these symptoms must have been present for more than a month ◦Symptoms may not begin until months or even years after the trauma

Answer 27

When someone has extreme alternness

Answer 28

Similar to PTSD, but its symptoms last between 3 days and 1 month ◦Some instances of PTSD begin as Acute stress disorder

Answer 29

The maladaptive response is to a stressor (a romantic breakup, job issues, marital issues) rather than a trauma ◦This response may last between 3 and 6 months ◦The diagnosis also applies in cases where the subsequent distress appears in some ways to be disproportionate to the cause

Answer 30

That in all three conditions (PTSD, acute stress disorder, and adjustment disorders) individuals from low-SES communities or who otherwise disadvantaged encounter more stressors in their everyday Libra and are thus at increased risk for a disorder in this category

Answer 31

◦A psychological disorder characterized primarily by distress and decreased functioning due to persistent physical symptoms and concerns, which may mimic physical (somatic) disease, but generally are not rooted in ant detectable pathophysiology ◦For someone with somatic symptomdisorder, the central complaint is one or more somatic symptoms (such as chronic pain or headaches or fatigue), and diagnosis also requires evidence of diminished functioning stemming from excessive preoccupation with and/or anxiety about the symptoms ◦Warrents at least consideration of diagnosis ◦Somatic symptoms do not improve with medical treatment

Answer 32

◦somatic symptom disorder ◦illness anxiety disorder ◦conversion disorder ◦factitious disorder

Answer 33

One reason “hypochondriasis” can be considered imprecise is that it refers to concern about bouth illness and (somatic)symptoms. ◦It differs from somatic symptom disorder in so far as the somatic aspect of the illness is not as central or can even be nonexistent ◦Distress is redominantly psychological, with people experiencing persistent preoccupation with both their health condition and health-related behaviours, including seeking treatment

Answer 34

Someone who experiences a change in sensory or motor function (such as weakness, tremors, seizures, or difficulty talking or eating) that has no discernible physical or physiological cause and that seems to be significantly affected by physiological factors ◦The emotion or anxiety is “convert” into a physical symptom ◦The change in function is severe enough to warrant medical attention, ir to cause significant distress or impairment in work, social, or personal functioning ◦ Diagnosis of conversion irder is possible, for example. when a person suddently experience blindness but their blink reflex remains intact

Answer 35

◦ This disorder is often called "Munchhausen syndrome" (when imposed on one's self) or "Munchausen by proxy" (when imposed on someone else) ◦ In factitious disorder imposed on self, a person has not just fabricated an illness but has gone the further step of either falsifying evidence or symptoms of the illness of inflicting harm to themselves to indivud injury or illness. For diagnosis requires evidence that the person behaves this way even without objous benefit ◦ When someone creates and/or inflicts physical or psychological symptoms in someone else, often a child, and then presents the other person as ill or injured, the erpetrator of the deception is diagnosed with factitious disorder imposed on another

Answer 36

◦ Formerly called manic despression ◦ People experience cyclic mood episodes oscillating between the extremes or 'poles' of depression and mania ◦ In a manic episode, a person has experienced an abnormla euphoric, unrestrained , or irritable mood for at least one week, as well as a marked increase in either goal-directed activity (increased energt and productivity at work) or in psychomotor agitiation, which stems from an urge to be engaged in goal-directed activity but without the focus necessary to do so (the surplus of energy here, causes agitation and irritability) ◦ Symtoms can be severe enough to cause psychotic features, hospitalization, or impairment of work, social, or personal function

Answer 37

◦ Duration: at least one week, nearly every day ◦ Mood: elevated, expanisve, or irritable mood ◦ Self-image: inflated, grandiose ◦ Appetite/weight: diminished appetite or interest in food ◦ Sleep need: decreased ◦ Cognition: flight of ideas of racing thoughts and distractibility ◦ Speech: rapid, pressure ◦ Energy/behaviour: increased energy and goal-directed activity and/or psychomotor agitation ◦ Judgment: lack of consequential thinking ◦ Impairment to functioning: severe, amrked impairment; may require hospitalization (to prevent harm to self or others), may include psychotic features

Answer 38

◦ Duration: at least four consecutive days ◦ Mood: elevated, expansive, or irritable mood ◦ Self-image: inflated, grandiose ◦ Appetite/weight: diminished appetite or interest in food ◦ Sleep need: decreased ◦ Cognition: flight of ideas or racing thoughts, distractibility ◦ Speech: rapid, pressured ◦ Energy/behaviour: increased energy and goal-directed activity and/or psychomotor agitation ◦ Judgment: lack of consequential thinking ◦ Impairment to functioning: unequivocal, observable change that is not typical of the individual, not severe enough to cause marked impairment or to necessitate hospitalization

Answer 39

◦ Duration: at least two weeks ◦ Mood: depressed, dimished interest or pleaure in almost all activities ◦ Self-image: feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt ◦ Appetite/weight: increase or decrease in body weight by 5% or more in a month ◦ Sleep need: insomia or hypersomnia ◦ Cognition: diminished ability to think or concentrate, recurrent thoughts of death or suicide ◦ Speech: may manifest muted or flat affect in speech ◦ Energy/behaviour: fatigue or less o ererft, psychomotor agitation or retardation ◦ Judgment: may include suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide ◦ Impairment to functioning: clinically significant distress or marked impairment in one or more areas of functioning

Answer 40

◦ Only diagnosed if there has been a spontaneous manic episode not triggered by treatment for depression or caused by another medical condition or medication ◦ May include a swing to a full depressive episode, or to a partial/moderate depression (dysthymic symptoms) or no depression at all (rare) ◦ the only requirement for a disonosis of it, is that the person has experienced at least one manic or mixed episode

Answer 41

a person has met the symptoms for both major depressive and manic episodes nearly every day for at least a week, and the symptoms are sever enough to cause psychotic reatures, hospitalization, or impaired work, social, or personal functioning

Answer 42

◦ Manic phases are less extreme ◦ Experienced cyclic moods, including at least one majpr depressive episode and one hypomanic episode but has not met the criteria for a manic or mixed episode ◦ The diagnosis for bipolar II disorder required both types of episodes

Answer 43

When a perosn has experienced an abnormally euphoric or irritable moof, with at least three of the symptoms for a manic episode, but at a less severe level, for at least four days ◦ The impairment or fistress is less serious, and there is no psychosis or hospitalization

Answer 44

A oerson has felt worse than usualy for most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks ◦ The individual has at least five of of the following emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and physical symptoms: depressed mood or decreased interest in activities, significant increase or decrease in weight/appeitite, excessive or insufficient sleep, agitated or slowed psychomotor activity, fatigure or loss of energy, feelings of low self-worth or excessive guilt, impaired concentration or decision making, and thoughts of death or suicide

Answer 45

◦ Similar to the bipolar disorders, but the moods are less extreme, with symptoms not meeting the criteria for either a manic or a major depressive episode. ◦ Has experienced cyclic moods, including multiple hypomanic episodes, and episodes od depressed mood that are milder than a major depressive episode, for at least two years and these mood swings have never been absent for more than two months

Answer 46

◦ more than acute moodiness ◦ a persistent pattern of abnormal and often painful mood symptoms severe enough to cause significant personal distress and/or impairment to social, occupational, or personal functioning

Answer 47

◦ Emotions or feelings are measurable in terms of seconds, minutes, or hours ◦ Mood: describes a baseline of weeks or months. Mood is a person's sustained internal emotion that colors their view of life

Answer 48

People with MDD suffer one or more major depressive episodes ◦ Some attempt suicide or think about it or make a plan ◦ These symptoms do not indicate major depression if within two months of someone dying ◦ In seasonal affective disorder, episodes of depression occur during certain seasons, usually fall and winter

Answer 49

◦ Dysthymia or dysthymic disorder, is a less intense, but typically more chronic form of depression ◦ the person has experienced milder symtoms of depression most days for at least two years, with symptoms never absent for more than two months, but without a major depressive episode ◦ Onset it typically adolscence or early adulthood and the persistnece of the condition often leaves people feeling like they've 'always felt this way'

Answer 50

◦ Diagnosed only in women ◦ Many of the symptoms of a major depressive episode ar epresent, with the caveat that they intensity in the final week before the onset of menses and then improve and disappear in the week after menstration has ended ◦ The symptoms that distinguis the illness from the other two depressive disorders are; feeling keyed up or on edge, specific food cravings, a sense of being overwhelmed or out of control, and the physical symptoms of the body preping for menstration (tenderness or swelling in the breasts, joint or muscle pain, and bloating)

Answer 51

◦ diagnosed when someone has been experiencing one or more of the following positive symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinkings (as manifested in disorganized speech), disordganized or abnormal motor behaviour, and/or one or more negative symptoms; decreased emotional expression ('flat' affect), avolition (lack of motivation or purpose), and/or alogia (decrease/absent speech) ◦ The general profile of the disorders in the section is that they involve some sort of splitting off or distancing from the person from aspects of their everyday reality

Answer 52

◦ positive symptoms indicate the presence of an atypical behavior or other characteristic ◦ negative symptoms indicate a decrease or lack of a typical behaviour or other characteristics

Answer 53

Although it literally means "split mind" the term refers to a split in mental functions or a split from reality ◦ It does not indicate a split in identity

Answer 54

A false belief that is not due to culture and is not relinquish, despite evidence that it is false ◦ delusions are different from strongly, help beliefs, both in intensity and plausibility

Answer 55

For someone with delusional disorder, one or more delusions have been present for at least a month and counter evidence is generally denied or distorted to keep the delusion intact ◦ common delusions include erotomania bracket the belief that someone is in love with you and bracket, grandiosity (the belief that you have a special talent or insight), and persecution (the belief that you were being followed, drugged, harassed, etc.).

Answer 56

A false sensory perception that occurs while a person is conscious ◦ the most common hallucinations are auditory and visual

Answer 57

Diagnosed when someone has been experiencing positive and negative symptoms for longer than six months ◦ the impact on functioning is the greatest with impairment in work, relationships, and or self-care ◦ though the symptoms may to do at times to a promo level just below the diagnostic threshold there is no complete admission without medication ◦ symptoms of psychosis can also occur with mood or development disorders and therefore all of these disorders must be ruled out before one can make a diagnosis of anything related to schizophrenia ◦ it is a neurological disorder with a strong, genetic basis

Answer 58

During a dissociative experience, some of a person's thoughts, feelings, perceptions, memories, or behaviours are separated from conscious awareness and control in a way that does not explainable as Mia forgetfulness ◦ this can occur as a defence against a traumatic situation. That was way too overwhelming to hold an awareness.

Answer 59

The disruptions in awareness, memory and identity or extreme and or frequent, and they caused distress or impairment in the persons functioning ◦ they can be triggered by severe stress or psychological conflict, and they usually begin and suddenly

Answer 60

A person with dissociative identity disorder, alternates among two or more distinct personalities or identities, only one of which interacts with people at a given time ◦ it can involve amnesia, which is the loss of awareness or memory for one or more of the personality states ◦ the distinct identities may vary in age, gender and personality traits, and they may or may not be aware of each other ◦ this was previously known as multiple personality disorder

Answer 61

A person with dissociative amnesia has had at least one episode of forgetting, some important personal information, creating gaps and memory that are usually related to severe stress or trauma ◦ this person may wander aimlessly during the episode or experience it as a kind of journey in what is called a dissociative fugue ◦ often the amnesias localized (everything that happened during a particular time period is forgotten), selective (where only some events during a time period are forgotten), generalized (where a person's whole lifetime is forgotten), continuous (where everything since a certain time is forgotten), or systematic (where only particular categories of information, such as everything relating to a person's family) ◦ it often usually begins and end suddenly with full recovery of memory, though it may also linger with some information only gradually if ever fully coming back

Answer 62

◦ A person with depersonalization disorder has a reoccurring or persistent, feeling of being cut off or detached from their body or mental processes as if observing themselves from the outside and something like an out of body experience ◦ in a derealization disorder a person experiences a feeling that people are objects in the external world are unreal ◦ In both cases, the person knows that the feeling is not accurate and their "reality testing" remains intact and the depersonalization, and or de realization and awareness of this incongruity causes distress or imperious functioning ◦ it usually first occurs in late adolescence with almost all cases having a first onset before the person's 25 years old ◦ onset can be sudden or gradual with stress or novel situations often playing an exasperating role

Answer 63

Stable patterns of thought, feeling, and behaviour that influence our person experiences, thinks about, and interacts with people and events in their life

Answer 64

An enduring, rigid set of personality traits that deviate from the cultural norms, imperious functioning, and causes distress either to the person with a disorder or to those in their life ◦ Because many personality disorders are egosyntonic it is usually the consequence of the personality disorder, such as depression, rather than it symptom structure, that causes a person to seek treatment ◦ Personality traits represent a continuum, so the degree of distress or impairment differs

Answer 65

Generally, in harmony with a person's ego or self image ◦ used to describe personality disorders, indicating how they are in harmony with a person's ego or self image

Answer 66

When the pattern causes significant distress or impairment, has been present since adolescence or young adulthood, affects nearly all personal and social situations, and creates dysfunction, and to are more of the following areas: affect, cognition, impulse control, and interpersonal functioning

Answer 67

◦ Paranoid ◦ schizoid ◦ schizoid typical

Answer 68

Irrational, withdrawn, cold, or suspicious behaviours

Answer 69

◦ Antisocial ◦ borderline ◦ histrionic ◦ narcissistic

Answer 70

Emotional, dramatic, and detention seeking behaviors, and intense interpersonal conflict

Answer 71

◦ Avoidant ◦ dependent ◦ obsessive compulsive

Answer 72

Tense, anxious, over-controlled behaviours

Answer 73

A person with paranoid, personality, disorder, mistrust, and misinterpret, others motives, and actions without significant cause, suspecting of deceiving, harming, betray, or attacking them ◦ the person tends to be guarded, tense, and self-sufficient, generally encounter productive or maladaptive ways

Answer 74

A loaner with little interest or involvement in close relationships, even though with family members ◦ the person seems unaffected emotionally by interactions with other people, appearing instead detached or cold ◦ this disorder is characterized by one of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 75

Has several traits that cause problems, interpersonally, including limited or inappropriate affect, magical or paranoid, thinking, and odd beliefs, speech, behavior, appearance, and perceptions ◦ this disorder is characterized by some of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia ◦ the person tends to have no confidence other than close relatives ◦ many cases eventually develop schizophrenia

Answer 76

The person has a history of serious behavior, problems, beginning a young teen, including significant aggression against people, or animals, deliberate property, lying, or theft, and serious rule violations ◦ in addition, since age 15, the person has had a history of repeatedly, disregarding the rights of others in various ways, through legal activities, dishonesty, impulsiveness, physical fights, disregard for safety, financial irresponsibility, and lack of remorse ◦ It is more frequently encountered in men and specifically in incarcerated men

Answer 77

A person suffers from enduring or reoccurring instability in their impulse control, mood, and image of self and others ◦ impulsive and reckless behavior, together with extreme mood swings, reactivity, and anger, can lead to unstable relationships and to damage both the person with the disorder and of others in their life ◦ feeling empty, with an unstable sense of self, the person is terrified of abandonment by others, whom the person may first idealized, and then devalue or demonize ◦ self harming, and suicidal behaviours may also occur ◦ it is more frequently encountered in women.

Answer 78

A person who strongly desires to be the centre of attention, and often seeks to attract attention through personal appearance and seductive behaviour ◦ the person's expressions of emotion are dramatic, yet the emotions themselves are often shallow and shifting, and the person may believe that their relationships are more intimate than they are ◦ the person may be suggestible and vague in their speech

Answer 79

A person who feels grandiosely self-important, with fantasies of beauty, brilliance, and power ◦ the person feels a desperate need for admiration in a variety of context and feels envy both towards and from others ◦ they lack empathy for others, and the person may exploit others, and feel entitled, arrogant, and haughty

Answer 80

Someone who feels inadequate, inferior, and undesirable, and is preoccupied with fears of criticism and conflict ◦ the person feels ashamed, and avoids interpersonal contact in new activities, unless they are certain of being liked ◦ the person is also restrained and inhibited in a relationship relationships

Answer 81

A person who feels the need to be taken care of by others and an unrealistic fear of being unable to take care of himself ◦ the person has trouble assuming responsibility and making decisions, preferring to gain approval by making others, responsible and seeking others advice and your reassurance regarding decisions ◦ in relationships, they are clingy, submissive, and afraid to express disagreement ◦ others often take advantage of the person because they are willing to do or tolerate almost anything even abuse, in order to gain support and nurturing, and to avoid abandonment ◦ they urgently seek another relationship if one is lost

Answer 82

A person who is a perfectionist, rigid, and stubborn, with a strong need for control ◦ the person who resists others authority, and will not cooperate with or delegate to others unless things are done at their way ◦ often, a workaholic and more realistically beyond the level of the surrounding culture religion, the person also may be depressed and have trouble, affection, expressing affection ◦ they have a preoccupation with orderliness and less making across a variety of situations which can interfere with effectiveness and efficiency

Answer 83

Suggest that while genetic inheritance provides a biological predisposition for schizophrenia, stressors, and illicit the onset of the disease

Answer 84

◦ The dopamine hypothesis ◦ Hypo activation of the frontal lobes may be responsible for the negative signs of schizophrenia, creating a kind of pseudo depression, flat affect, and impaired speech ◦ had been found to have smaller brains due to atrophy: schizophrenic individuals may display increased ventricles (cavities in the brain) ◦ enlarged sulci and figures (less folding)

Answer 85

It suggests that the pathway for the neurotransmitter dopamine is hyperactive and people with schizophrenia ◦ this is due both to an over abundance of dopamine and to hypersensitive dopamine receptors ◦ this may explain the presence of the positive signs of schizophrenia (like auditory hallucinations) ◦ dopamine antagonist medications have been found to be helpful as antipsychotics

Answer 86

◦ Schizophrenia ◦ depression ◦ neuro, developmental disorders (ADHD and ASD) ◦ neurocognitive disorders (Alzheimer's amnesia and Parkinson's disease)

Answer 87

Has a strong genetic basis as there is increased risk of developing it when a firstdegree family member has it ◦ depression has been linked to diminished functioning in pathways in the brain that involves the neurotransmitter is dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. ◦ Antidepressants target and try to stimulate these pathways. ◦ Depression can accompany other neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's and traumatic brain injury, due to damage to similar and overlapping areas of the brain.

Answer 88

Neurodevelopmental disorders imply that something abnormal has occurred in the brain during early development, whether in utero or shortly after birth ◦ intellectual disability can have several causes one being down syndrome (trisomy 21) ◦ Stimulant have been shown to help alleviate some behavioural symptoms with ADHD ◦ ASD is still being studied

Answer 89

A term for a severe loss of cognitive ability beyond what would be expected from normal ageing

Answer 90

◦ Is the most prevalent form of dementia ◦ It is a disease characterized behaviourally by anterograde amnesia, as well as stepwise retrograde amnesia. ◦ Thus Alzheimer's patients may be able to recall events from decades earlier, but forget people and events that were encountered recently. ◦ They often get lost and confused with regard to orientation. ◦ It is a cortical disease meaning that it affects the cortex

Answer 91

◦ Anterograde amnesia: is the ability to form new memories ◦ retrograde amnesia has more recent memories, degrading first such that the last memories to fade are typically the oldest

Answer 92

◦ It is a cortical disease meaning that it affects the cortex which is the outermost tissue of the brain ◦ it is caused by the formation of neuritic plaques (hard formations of beta amyloid protein) and neurofibrillary tangles (clumps of tau protein) ◦ there are some evidence of abnormalities in the activity of the neurotransmitter Acetasol in the hippocampus, which should be no surprise because the hippocampus is the area of the brain that plays a major role in the formation of new memories ◦ there is some evidence of at least partial, genetic susceptibility ◦ There is no cure for Alzheimer's and treatments are directed at slowing the progression of the illness rather than reversing it

Answer 93

◦ A movement disorder caused by the death of cells that generate dopamine in the basal ganglia and substania nigra, two subcortical structures in the brain ◦ some of the symptoms are arresting tremor (shaking), slowed movement, legitimate of movements, and facial expressions, and a shuffling gait ◦ is disease progresses. Language is typically spared. ◦ Patients are given L – dopa treatments, which is a precursor to dopamine and is used because it is able to pass the blood brain barrier entering the brain's blood supply

Answer 94

◦ Immunosuppression ◦ infertility ◦ hypertension

Answer 95

Appraisal, how it is interpreted by the individual ◦ this is because some may perceive stress has been motivating. Others can feel threatened, causing additional stress

Answer 96

1. Catastrophes 2. significant life changes 3. daily hassles

Answer 97

◦ Catastrophes are unpredictable, large scale events that include natural disasters, and wartime events. They are events that almost everyone would appraise as dangerous and stress inducing. ◦ the repercussions of a catastrophic event or often felt for years after the event. ◦ In the month, following many people can develop psychological disorders, including anxiety, depression, and PTSD. ◦ Health consequences can also follow prolong periods of stress and may be common in refugee camps or shelters.

Answer 98

◦ Significant life changes include events, such as moving, leaving home, losing a job, marriage, divorce, death of a loved one, and other such changes ◦ these events can be risk factors for disease and death with several concurrent events, creating greater risk than a single stressful event would

Answer 99

◦ Daily hassles are the every day irritations in life, including bills, traffic, jams, misplacing, belongings, and scheduling activities ◦ these little stressors can accumulate and lead to health problems such as hypertension and immunosuppression

Answer 100

A sense of exhaustion and lack of belief in one's ability to manage situations ◦ can occur when stress is accompanied by perceive being a lack of control over the stress inducing events

Answer 101

◦ The body response to stress through activating two parallel systems, the sympathetic nervous system, the "fight or flight" response and cognitive system initiated by the hypothalamus located just above the brain stem

Answer 102

◦ the sympathetic nervous system responds to acute stress situations, and it releases stress hormones of epinephrin (adrenaline) and nor epinephrin (nor adrenaline) into the bloodstream from the adrenal glands this response results increased heart and respiratory rate, direct blood flow through the skeletal muscles rather than the digestive system, releases sugar into the bloodstream, and dose pain. It is a fast-acting response.

Answer 103

The hypothalamus releases corticotropin – releasing hormone (CRH), on messenger that stimulates the pituitary gland to release corticotrophin hormone (ACTH) ◦ ACTH then signals the adrenal gland to release cortisol into the bloodstream which keeps blood sugar levels, hygiene stress situations, thus ensuring that the brain will have enough fuel to stay active ◦ this chain of events is a slower process than the near instantaneous fight or flight response and is primarily triggered during long-term stress

Answer 104

A glucocorticoid, a hormone that shifts the body from using sugar (glucose) as an energy source towards using fat as an energy source ◦ it's released during stressful situations is important because it keeps the blood sugar levels high during stressful situations, which is important because the only energy source the brain can use is glucose

Answer 105

Because prolonged cortisol release, inhibits the activity of white blood cells and other functions of the immune system ◦ therefore stress itself does not make us sick, but rather increases the vulnerability for illness

Answer 106

◦ Emotional stress can be correlated with worse medical outcomes ◦ high levels of stress can contribute to the development of anxiety and depressive disorders which are characterized by negative mood and irritability

Answer 107

◦ People respond in many different ways to stress ◦ sometimes using confrontation and other times, avoid avoiding uncomfortable situations or emotions ◦ avoidance can be accompanied by habit, such as cigarette smoking, consuming alcohol, or eating as a means of temporary physical comfort

Answer 108

◦ There is an optimal level of stress that is motivating and invigorating ◦ Aerobic exercise ◦ Bio feedback and relaxation ◦ Utilization of social support

Answer 109

aerobic exercise, as it lowers blood pressure and also increases the production of neurotransmitters that boost mood, including no epinephrine, serotonin, and endorphins

Answer 110

◦ the use of bio feedback and relaxation can also help manage stress. Bio feedback is a means of recording and feeding back information about subtle autonomic responses and attempt to train the individual to control these involuntary responses. ◦ Many of the same benefits can occur through relaxation training, including meditation, progressive, muscle, relaxation, visual, imagery, and yoga

Answer 111

A stronger social support has been associated with lower blood pressure, lower stress, hormones, and stronger immune system function ◦ the impact of stressful events can be mediated with individuals can express their emotional reactions in your recollections of traumatic events through talking about them, writing, and journals, or other means best suited to those individuals

Psychological Disorders & Stress Flashcards

(135 cards)