Benefits and Susceptibility

Question 1

Beliefs about one’s Personal Susceptibility

Answer 1

About whether or not one can be harmed, and about how much one will be harmed

Question 2

Health Belief Model - what does it attempt to explain?

Answer 2

Why people fail to participate in disease prevention programs
Why people fail to adhere to medical regimes

Question 3

behaviourism argues that what matters for people to engage in positive health behaviour is …

Answer 3

Learned associations are most important:
An association between a behavior and a reward (or a punishment)…
…will increase or decrease the frequency of the behavior

Question 4

If a person learns that Behavior X has a positive outcome

Answer 4

they will do it more

Question 5

what is the older perspective on health behaviour?

Answer 5

behaviourism –> Behaviour change would therefore be mostly about knowledge and education
I.e. learning about positive and negative outcomes

Question 6

modern perspective on health behaviour

Answer 6

cognitive theories
Learned associations are important, yes
But these associations are mediated by concepts in the mind

Question 7

in the HBM what are the mediating factors that add on to behaviourist theories?

Answer 7

If you show a person that Behavior X has a negative outcome, they will do it less, but only:
if they believe that the outcome is bad
and they expect that bad outcome is likely to happen to them

Question 8

what does HBM add to behaviourist theories?

Answer 8

Specific beliefs are important
The subjective value of an outcome(I.e. a cost or benefit)
The expectation that this outcome will occur

Question 9

does HBM focus on groups or individual people?

Answer 9

HBM mostly focuses on the individual-level:
Knowledge
Beliefs (often called “Perceptions”)

Question 10

Behaviourist model - what predicts behaviour?

Answer 10

Individuals’ experiences with their environment predict their behaviours.

Question 11

Health belief model - what predicts behaviour?

Answer 11

Individuals’ beliefs predict their behaviours.

Question 12

modifying factors?

Answer 12

Age
Gender
Ethnicity
Personality
Socioeconomics
Education

Question 13

beliefs about benefits/costs

Answer 13

Beliefs about the seriousness of contracting a disease.
A person must believe that getting TB is serious and dangerous before they will get a chest x-ray

Question 14

Belief about Susceptibility

Answer 14

Beliefs about the likelihood of getting a disease – and harm that comes from that
They must believe there is a possibility that THEY will get TB

Question 15

perceived severity

Answer 15

They must believe that THEY would be harmed by getting TB (i.e. the risk/severity to themselves)

Question 16

cues to action

Answer 16

Events that precipitate or instigate action.
A media campaign promoting the availability of (and need for) x-rays to check for TB.

Question 17

Education

Answer 17

general and specific knowledge about the topic.

Question 18

indiviual beliefs about..

Answer 18

cost of disease
benefits of action
susceptibility to the disease
beliefs about barriers to action
beliefs about self-efficacy

Question 19

how did they research whether beliefs about the costs of contracting COVID-19 influence people to get vaccinated?

Answer 19

measure whether or not participants had pre-existing conditions
Pre-existing conditions made contracting Covid-19 more risky
So, having pre-existing conditions should be a proxy for people who will think that Covid-19 is more costly to contract

Question 20

when was intention to get vaccinated higher, in proxy study?

Answer 20

For people with 5 or more pre-existing conditions

Question 21

Did beliefs about the protective benefits of the Covid-19 vaccine influence people to get vaccinated? - China study

Answer 21

Willingness to get vaccinated was higher with:
Beliefs that the COVID-19 vaccine is effective and when they likely think that they are more at risk.

Question 22

Meta analysis on how severe diseases are - method

Answer 22

34 different measures of how severe a participant thinks a disease is

Question 23

meta analysis results ~ when was vaccination intention higher?

Answer 23

The likelihood of getting vaccinated was higher:
When an individual believes that having the disease was more severe
I.e., when severity was perceived to be higher

Question 24

The intention to get vaccinated was higher, as well as beliefs about benefits…

Answer 24

For people who believed that they were personally more at risk from COVID-19

Question 25

Did beliefs about personal susceptibility to contracting Covid-19 influence people’s willingness to get vaccinated?

Answer 25

Willingness to get vaccinated was higher with: For people who believed that they were personally likely to contract Covid-19

Question 26

Meta-analysis, Brewer et al - Did beliefs about personal susceptibility to disease influence people’s willingness to get vaccinated?

Answer 26

The likelihood of getting vaccinated was higher: When an individual thought that they were generally susceptible to disease The likelihood of getting vaccinated was higher: When an individual thought that they were likely to be harmed by contracting a disease

Question 27

Does knowledge about the effects of electricity conservation reduce household energy consumption? methodology

Answer 27

assessed peoples Household electricity consumption question them about consumer beliefs and benefits

Question 28

Does knowledge about the effects of electricity conservation reduce household energy consumption? - when was electricity highest?

Answer 28

Household electricity usage was higher When: Heating is primarily electric Homes are bigger Income is higher

Question 29

when was electricity usage lower?

Answer 29

Household electricity usage was lower When consumers believe that electricity conservation: Reduces emissions Preserves the environment

Question 30

What did Hochbaum observe in the x-ray for TB study?

Answer 30

“While only very few respondents felt that they could not contract tuberculosis, many felt that they would not contract it.” In practice, they believed that they were not susceptible to tuberculosis

Question 31

what beliefs led to most people getting an X-ray for TB?

Answer 31

More people obtained x-rays if they believed: They might contract TB They might have it TB and not know it They would benefit from early detection

Question 32

How many of these beliefs did people have to hold for them to get an Xray

Answer 32

More people obtained x-rays if they: Held two or three of these beliefs

Question 33

what belief was most important for getting an Xray for TB?

Answer 33

The most people obtained x-rays if they: Believed that they cannot rely only on symptoms for detection

Question 34

as well as specific beliefs, what is important for influencing decision making about health?

Answer 34

combinations of beliefs

Question 35

after education intervention about aids and HIV, if people started using condoms more did they think they were still likely to get aids - Ford ?

Answer 35

if they had the intervention they thought they were less likely to get aids - this was not the same at the control group

Question 36

so, did the AIDS intervention change beliefs about susceptibility?

Answer 36

Maybe the intervention caused CSWs to believe that they were susceptible to AIDS Which caused CSWs to use condoms Which caused CSWs to believe that they were not susceptible to AIDS, because they were using condoms This is worrying, because unless CSWs always use condoms, they are still at risk But, some may now think they may not be

Question 37

does beliefs about susceptibility encourage condom use?

Answer 37

At best: We cannot tell whether beliefs about susceptibility motivate condom use among CSWs At worst: The intervention could have led some CSWs to think that occasionally using condoms reduces their risk more than it does