personal and injunctive norms

Question 1

Approval

Answer 1

1. to have a good opinion of someone or something
2. To accept, allow or officially agree to something

Question 2

personal norm

Answer 2

Belief that a certain behaviour should be allowed or followed - could be referred to as normative beliefs or moral norms

Question 3

Are attitudes different to personal norms?

Answer 3

○ Beliefs about what is good, or what we like…
○ Are different from things that we approve of

Question 4

personal norm of using condom

Answer 4

’ it would be against my moral principle not to always use a condom’

Question 5

attitude of condom usage

Answer 5

’ for me always using a condom would be wise’ agree etc

Question 6

Intention and condom usage

Answer 6

People were more likely to report using condoms when they were more likely to report intention to use condoms in the future

Question 7

Condom use and attitudes

Answer 7

People were more likely to report using condoms when they had more positive attitudes about using them

Question 8

Personal norms and condom usage

Answer 8

People were more likely to use condoms when they felt they had a moral obligation use condoms

Question 9

what was tendency to always use condoms not related to?

Answer 9

barriers
benefits
self-efficacy

Question 10

When were people more likely to report more healthful/safe behaviour?

Answer 10

when they intended to act this way in the future

Question 11

were personal norms or attitudes influential on healthy behaviour?

Answer 11

This depended on whether the person thought the behaviour was a moral issue or not

Question 12

Did exercising behaviour depend on personal norms?

Answer 12

Only when people thought exercise was a moral issue

Question 13

Did attitudes or personal norms matter for smoking, driving over the speed limit or safe injections?

Answer 13

personal norms matter - this is a case were moral norms play a role

Question 14

What did Godin et al do to research personal norms in safety behaviour?

Answer 14

Combined the date of 5 prior studies exploring the role of personal norms and attitudes. Do they both matter independently in issues?

Question 15

when are personal norms more important than attitudes?

Answer 15

when they include a moral issue

Question 16

In decision making what approval matters?

Answer 16

1. whether we approve of something
2. whether other approve of the same thing

Question 17

social norms

Answer 17

○ Standards of acceptable behavior that
are shared by members of a group.
○ Rules, or patterns of behavior which we
conform to when making choices about
how to act.
○ “Shared beliefs”

Question 18

descriptive norms

Answer 18

Beliefs about which behaviours are
typically performed, by members of a
specific reference group

Question 19

injunctive norms

Answer 19

Beliefs what behaviors are approved or
disapproved by others.
○ “Rules or beliefs as to what constitutes morally
approved and disapproved conduct.”

Question 20

second order personal norms

Answer 20

your beliefs about other peoples personal norms

Question 21

subjective norm

Answer 21

A subjective norm is the perceived expectation of important others (like friends, family, or society) about whether one should engage in a particular behavior, combined with the person’s motivation to comply with those expectations.

Question 22

social proof

Answer 22

the tendency to look to others to determine the correct behavior in a given situation, especially when we’re uncertain.

Question 23

what do injunctive norms tell us?

Answer 23

They tell us what others approve of
They tell us how to act in certain situations

Question 24

Do we have to accept injunctive norms to conform to them?

Answer 24

No sometimes we will be motivated to act in line with peoples injunctive norms even if we think they are wrong

Question 25

why do we want to avoid violating injunctive norms ?

Answer 25

In case of sanctions or punishment/costs

Question 26

Give two examples of descriptive norms.

Answer 26

Traffic conventions (e.g., side of the road you drive on) Linguistic conventions (e.g., using "pants" vs. "trousers" correctly)

Question 27

Are sanctions necessary to enforce descriptive norms? Why or why not?

Answer 27

No, because violators don’t gain any benefits from breaking them, so people naturally follow them.

Question 28

Give three examples of injunctive norms.

Answer 28

Don’t speed on the motorway Don’t cut in line Share with others

Question 29

Are sanctions necessary to enforce injunctive norms? Why or why not?

Answer 29

Yes, because violators can benefit from breaking them (e.g., saving time by cutting in line), so sanctions help deter this behavior.

Question 30

Why are sanctions more important for injunctive norms than for descriptive norms?

Answer 30

Because injunctive norms involve potential gains from violation, making enforcement necessary, while descriptive norms don’t offer benefits to violators.

Question 31

What type of norm did Shultz et al. (2007) study in relation to electricity usage?

Answer 31

Descriptive norms Descriptive norms and injunctive norms

Question 32

In Shultz et al. (2007), what two pieces of information were households given?

Answer 32

Their own electricity usage The average usage of their neighbors

Question 33

In the Shultz et al. (2007) study, what were the two household categories in the descriptive norm category?

Answer 33

Households using above average electricity Households using below average electricity

Question 34

What was the main question of the Shultz et al. (2007) study?

Answer 34

Did information about neighbors' electricity use affect household energy consumption the following week?

Question 35

what was the finding for descriptive norms, when they were told their own and their neighbours electricity usage?

Answer 35

- Households that were Above average in electricity usage used less electricity - Households that were Below average in electricity usage used more electricity

Question 36

boomerang effect

Answer 36

Changing people’s empirical expectations changes their behavior...both for the better and for the worse

Question 37

How were the statements adapted for the injunctive norm condition of the electricty usage study

Answer 37

if they were below average then given a :) if they were above average then given a :(

Question 38

what were the effects of the addition of the injunctive norm?

Answer 38

Households that were Above average in electricity usage used less electricity ● Households that were Below average in electricity usage DID NOT use more electricity they avoided the boomerang effect

Question 39

what is the ACDP?

Answer 39

- ACDP was a series of programs designed to help reduce the spread of HIV by targeting at-risk populations - Based around an intervention using physical media and in-person interactions

Question 40

DID PEOPLE USE PROTECTION IF OTHERS WANTED THEM TO USE IT? (injunctive norm)

Answer 40

yes but this was just combined with descriptive norms rather than seperated

Question 41

What indicates that CLTS has successfully created an injunctive norm?

Answer 41

If people change their behavior based on their beliefs about others' approval or disapproval.

Question 42

how did the CLTS scheme assess injunctive norms?

Answer 42

How much do people who are important to you (e.g. family, parents, friends) approve that you construct a latrine?

Question 43

were more people likely to build latrines if others approved of them doing so?

Answer 43

Participants who believed that other people approved of them building latrines were more likely to build their own. ○ And, CLTS increased participants’ beliefs that other people approved of them building latrines! ● Suggests that CLTS may also work in part by changing Injunctive Norms.

Question 44

Do descriptive norms and injunctive norms fully mediate the effectiveness of CLTS?

Answer 44

yes they both seem to - it is better when they work together rather than independently

Question 45

are descriptive and injunctive norms independent of each other?

Answer 45

they are different form each other but not necessarily independent of each other

Question 46

What are the two types of social norms focused on in this module?

Answer 46

Descriptive norms – conforming to what others do Injunctive norms – conforming to what others approve of

Question 47

What do injunctive norms reflect about others?

Answer 47

Our beliefs about other people’s personal norms—what they approve or disapprove of

Question 48

Why are injunctive norms powerful?

Answer 48

They carry the threat of social punishment if violated, especially when behavior imposes costs on others (e.g. speeding, tax evasion).

Question 49

What can injunctive norms motivate us to do?

Answer 49

Behave in socially approved ways—even if we don’t personally agree with or want to.

Question 50

Why might injunctive norms be the most powerful psychological factor discussed?

Answer 50

Because they can motivate behavior change for public good (e.g., energy saving, hygiene)—but can also drive harmful behavior.

Question 51

How can interventions shape injunctive norms?

Answer 51

By influencing beliefs about what others approve of.

Question 52

Can small cues like emojis change injunctive norms?

Answer 52

Sometimes, but they may not deeply change people’s beliefs.

Question 53

What kind of approach may be more effective than emojis for changing norms?

Answer 53

A “conversion”-like approach such as CLTS, though it’s harder and more expensive to implement.