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BGM1002-Biochemistry > BGM1002/L21 Glycolysis > Flashcards

BGM1002/L21 Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 major pathways in glucose oxidation.

A

Glycolysis
Citric Acid cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation

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2
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Conversion of glucose to pyruvate

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3
Q

Why is glycolysis important?

A

Generates anaerobic energy

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4
Q

Name the 3 stages of glycolysis.

A

Investment/priming
Splitting
Energy conservation/yield

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5
Q

What are the reactants and products in the investment/priming stage of glycolysis?

A

Glucose -> Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

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6
Q

What are the reactants and products of the splitting stage of glycolysis?

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate -> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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7
Q

What are the reactants and products of the energy conservation/yield stage of glycolysis?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate -> pyruvate

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8
Q

What else is used in the investment stage, other than glucose?

A

ATP

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9
Q

Name the 2 reaction intermediates in the investment stage.

A

Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate

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10
Q

How is glucose-6-phosphate trapped inside cells?

A

It is repelled by the cell membrane

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11
Q

Which enzyme adds a phosphate group to a pyranose sugar?

A

Hexokinase

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12
Q

Why is it useful to convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate becomes trapped inside cells

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13
Q

Name the 3 steps of the investment stage of glycolysis.

A
  1. Phosphate added to pentose sugar
  2. 6-membered ring converted to 5-membered ring (isomerisation)
  3. Phosphorylation (again)
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14
Q

Why is the second phosphoanhydride bond in ATP protected from hydrolysis?

A

Mg2+ between alpha and beta phosphate group

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15
Q

In step 2 of investment, what kind of molecule is the reactant and product?

A

Aldopyranose - ketofuranose

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16
Q

Why is the 6-membered ring converted to a 5-membered ring in step 2 of investment?

A

5-membered rings are less stable than 6-membered rings

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17
Q

What enzyme is involved in adding a phosphate group to fructose-6-phosphate in step 3 of investment?

A

Phosphofructokinase

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18
Q

What is the overall role of the splitting phase of glycolysis?

A

6-carbon molecule into 2x 3-carbon molecules

19
Q

What features does fructose-1,6-bisphosphate have contributing to lack of stability? (2)

A

Line of symmetry
Two repelling phosphate groups

20
Q

What is the role of aldolase in glycolysis? (Step 4)

A

Breakdown of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

21
Q

What is the role of triosephosphate isomerase in glycolysis? (Step 4)

A

Converting dihydroxyacetone-phosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

22
Q

What enzymes are involved in step 4 of glycolysis (splitting)? (2)

A

Aldolase
Triosephosphate isomerase

23
Q

What is fructose-1,6-bisphosphate split into during step 4 of glycolysis?

A

Dihydroxyacetone-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

24
Q

What is the product of the splitting phase of glycolysis?

A

2x Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

25
Q

How many steps are involved in the yield stage of glycolysis?

A

5

26
Q

What enzyme adds a free phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in step 6 of glycolysis?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Via NAD+

27
Q

What enzyme conducts substrate level phosphorylation in step 7 of glycolysis?

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase

28
Q

What enzyme transfers phosphate to the central carbon in step 8 of glycolysis?

A

Phosphoglycerate mutase

29
Q

What enzyme removes water from 2-phosphoglycerate in step 9 of glycolysis?

A

Enolase

30
Q

What enzyme removes the phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate in step 10 of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate kinase

31
Q

Which 2 steps of glycolysis yield ATP?

A

Step 7 and 10

32
Q

Name the 6 molecules involved in the yield stage of glycolysis.

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
1,3-biphosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate

33
Q

How many ATPs are gained from glycolysis of 1 molecule of glucose?

A

2

34
Q

Which 2 steps yield ATP in glycolysis?

A

1,3-biphosphoglycerate -> 3-phosphoglycerate (7)
Phosphoenolpyruvate -> pyruvate (10)

35
Q

What occurs during step 6 of glycolysis (yield stage)?

A

Gaining of a free phosphate by NAD+ via Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

36
Q

What occurs during step 7 of glycolysis (yield stage)?

A

Production of first ATP by substrate level phosphorylation via phosphoglycerate kinase

37
Q

What occurs during step 8 of glycolysis (yield stage)?

A

Transfer of phosphate to central carbon via phosphoglycerate mutase

38
Q

What occurs during step 9 of glycolysis (yield stage)?

A

Increased energy potential of molecule by removal of water via enolase

39
Q

What occurs during step 10 of glycolysis (yield stage)?

A

Second energy producing reaction

40
Q

How many ATP are invested in stage 1 of glycolysis?

A

2

41
Q

How many ATP are generated in stage 3 of glycolysis?

A

4

42
Q

A supply of what other molecule is required for glycolysis?

A

NAD+
NADH produced

43
Q

What is the net gain of ATP per glucose molecule?

A

2

BGM1002-Biochemistry (29 decks)

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