Bias and Discrimination Flashcards
(25 cards)
According to Asch (1946), what is the ‘primacy effect’?
when we put more weight on the first info about them which we receive
influence how we respond to people
What is the first info you receive off someone?
their appearance
What is the ‘Halo effect’?
we categorise people as good or bad
once we hear bad info of someone it’s hard to place them out of that category
Dion et al (1972) example of halo effect
we assume physically attractive people are good (more skilled and superior)
What is a schema? (Hogg and Vaughan, 2008)
a set of inter-related thoughts and beliefs that allow us to quickly make sense of a person, situation or event based on limited information
fills in missing details
What are the different types of schemas?
Some relate to oneself e.g scripts of how to behave and self schemas about ideal self
Some schemas relate to other people e.g person schemas like impression, role schemas how they should behave
How do stereotypes occur?
when person schema or role schema is based on widely held social assumptions
can be true and false
generalised and sweeping
What does stereotype threat mean?
refers to when you belong to a group and know there’s negative beliefs towards that group
Cooley and Mead - ‘looking glass self’
refers to seeing how people respond and see reflection of oneself from responses of others
What is one effect of prejudice?
social stigma
developed with negative stereotypes
allows for downward comparisons which might boost self esteem
What are some explanations for prejudice?
- learned
- evolved fear of others
- parents, modelling
- mere exposure effect (Zajonc, 1968) - having a preference for soemthing simply because you’re familair with it
What does attributional ambiguity mean?
someones overt discrimination being replaced by subtle discrimination
causes uncertainty in a person about what treatment is due from
What does tokenism mean?
positive discrimination
employed based. on characteristics rather than attribution
What is aversive racism?
holds positive beliefs on surface but unconsciously habour negative attitudes
What are the 4 psychological theories of prejudice?
- authoritarian personality
- right wing authoritarianism
- social dominance theory
- social identity explanation
Adorno et al (1950) - authoritarian personality
have ambivalence towards parents
displace anger into others, especially weaker people
have tolerance of ambiguity
Altemeyer (1998) - right wing authoritarianism
attitudes rather than personality
conventionalism
authoritarian aggression and submission
What is Social Dominance Theory?
people at the top defend status quo to maintain privileged status
What is the Social Identity Explanation?
we categorise ourselves and others
seek positive differentiation so as to enhance our self esteem
a hierarchy of identities is formed
Simone De Beauvoir (1949) - the second sex
women are the ‘second sex’
women presented by society as overly emotional
highlights sexism
What does optimal distinctiveness mean?
we seek to be distinct from and superior to outgroups so as to enhance our self esteem
What is structural / systematic misogyny?
established norms of male empowerment and female marginalisation maintain male control over society and norms of female identity
Edward Said (1978) - Orientalism
the ‘orient’ is an abstract antithesis of the west
mixture of racist and romanticised stereotypes have formed
What does dehumanisation mean?
completely removing people from the moral sphere
reducing peoples worth down
