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Biology 108 > Bio 108 - Lectures 1-7 > Flashcards

Bio 108 - Lectures 1-7 Flashcards

1
Q

Phenotype

Pheno =

A

Variation you can see (morphology / behaviour)Pheno = Appearance

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2
Q

Ethnotaxonomy

A

How different cultures classify organisms

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3
Q

Natural Selection

A

Through nature the most fit animals are the most common

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4
Q

Systema Naturae

A

Carl Linnaes book about classifying organisms

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5
Q

Nomenclature
Nomen =
Calare =

A

Rules about classifying organisms
Name
Call

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6
Q

Systematics

A

The theory of classifying organisms

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7
Q

Molecular Systematics

A

Using proteins, DNA, RNA to classify organisms

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8
Q

Molecular Phylogenetics

A

Reconstruction phylogenetic relationships by matching base pairs

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9
Q

Deductive / Hypotheticodeductive approach

A

Outcome predicted from generalization

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10
Q

2 Types of Sexual Selection

A

Intrasexual selection - Males fight for a femaleIntersexual selection - males try to look good for females

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11
Q

2 Causes of Genetic Drift

A

Bottleneck effect, Founder effect

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12
Q

Gene Flow

A

When individuals interbreed or migrate among populations

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13
Q

Gradualism

A

The theory that differentiation changes occur slowly over time

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14
Q

Microevolution

A

Evolution at the population level

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15
Q

Macroevolution

A

Evolution above the species level

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16
Q

5 things that cause Reproductive Isolation

A

1) Behavior
2) Mechanics
3) Habitat
4) Timing
5) Gametic

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17
Q

Phylogram

A

A visual representation of the difference between taxa, represented by branch length

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18
Q

Punctated Equilibrium

A

When there is a period of lots of change, followed by a period of very little change

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19
Q

Polytomy

A

Unresolved pattern of Divergence

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20
Q

Cladogenesis

A

When a species evolves into two different species

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21
Q

Five Main Factors that Alter Allele Frequency

A

1) Mutation
2) Natural selection
3) Genetic Drift
4) Gene Flow
5) Extinction

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22
Q

HomologyHomo=

A

When all character states have the same evolutionary origin= same

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23
Q

Prokaryote

A

Organism that does not have any membrane bound organelles, single celled. No nucleus, DNA is in nucleoid

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24
Q

Nucleid

A

Mass of genetic data, DNA not enclosed by membrane

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25
Q

Plasmid

A

Small ring of DNA containing a few extra genes

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26
Q

Horizontal vs Vertical Transfer

A

Horizontal Transfer is between individuals of the same generationVertical is between parents to offspring

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27
Q

Hypotonic vs Hypertonichypo = below

A

Hypertonic leaves the cell in hypotonic solution

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28
Q

3 Types of Archae

A

1) Methanoges
2) Halophiles
3) Thermophiles

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29
Q

Methanogen

A

Likes places with no oxygenProduces methane

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30
Q

Binary Fission

A

A method of asexual reproduction were the cell duplicates and then splits in half

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31
Q

Transformation

A

Uptake of Naked DNA released from dead bacteria

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32
Q

Conjugation

A

A form of sexual reproduction where one bacteria connect to the other one by a tube and genetic information is shared

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33
Q

4 Different Metabolic Types

A

1) Photoautotrophs
2) Chemoautotrophs
3) Photoheterotrophs
4) Chemoheterotrophs

34
Q

Two Lineages of Prokaryotes

A

1) Bacteria

2) Archaea

35
Q

HalophilesHalo =

A

Archaea that live in very salt rich habitatsHalo = Salt

36
Q

Thermopiles

A

Archaea that live in extremely warm habitats

37
Q

Chlamydias

A

Type of Bacteria that causes chlamydia, can only live inside animal cells

38
Q

Spirochaetes + 2 Diseases it Causes

A

Type of bacteria that travels by moving in a spiral

Syphilis and Lymes Disease

39
Q

Gram+ Bacteria

A

Largest bacteria, botox

40
Q

Proteobacteria

A

Large Metabolically diverse group of gram- bacteriaCauses EcoliIncludes Rhizobium, lives in root nodules

41
Q

Metabolsim

A

Chemical pathway used for living organisms to build up molecules (anabolism) or break down molecules to release energy (catabolism)

42
Q

Gram+ vs Gram-

A

Gram+ Peptiglycan, abbsorbs

Gram- Polysaccharid, does not absorb

43
Q

Cynobacteria

A

Only prokaryote that produces oxygen through photoautotrophy like a plant

44
Q

Age of PlanetAge of First Fossil

A
  1. 6 BYA

3. 5 BYA

45
Q

Pansperma Hypothesis

A

Life came from space

46
Q

Fossil vs Sub Fossil

A

Fossil: Organic Parts replaced by minerals

Sub Fossil, Still has high concentration of organic parts

47
Q

Index Fossils

A

Fossils that can tell us things about other fossils (indicators)

48
Q

Radiometric Dating

A

Measures the radioactive isotopes in fossils or rocks

49
Q

Population

A

Localized group of individuals of the same species

50
Q

Monophyletic

A

A complete group that all came from the same ancestor

51
Q

Common Garden Experiment

A

Tests weather observed variation is due to heritable variation

52
Q

Taxonomy
Taxo=
Nomos=

A

The practice of classifying organism
= Arrange
= Knowledge / science of

53
Q

Maximum Likelihood

A

Rules about how DNA is most likely to change

54
Q

Darwins 5 Observations about Natural Selection

A

1) There is variation among species
2) Species produce more offspring that can survive
3) Species are relatively stable
4) There is competition among species
5) Variation is Heritable

55
Q

Genotype

A

A change in the genetic makeup that you cannot see, it is in the coding

56
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

Person who got darwin to publish his findings because he came to the same conclusion

57
Q

Parsimony / Occam’s Razor

A

Doing something in the least steps possibleusing fewest things to achieve a goal

58
Q

Ingroup vs Outgroup

A

Ingroup is the taxa your are studying

the Outgroup is a related taxa that diverged a long time ago

59
Q

Character vs State

A

A character is a type of structureState is the normal part of that character

60
Q

Anagenesis

A

When a species diverges into one new species

61
Q

Evolution

A

Descent with modification. Idea that living species came from ancestral ones that were different

62
Q

Proximate Question

A

A question about mechanics not relating to evolution

63
Q

Ultimate Question

A

A question about mechanics related to evolution

64
Q

Induction

A

Type of logic in which generalizations are made based on a large number of specific outcomes

65
Q

EtymologyEtmos =Logo=

A

The study of greek root words= True sense= Word

66
Q

Stratigraphy

A

Temporal order in which fossils occurred

67
Q

Cladogram

A

Branching diagram that shows the relatinoships of organisms based on derived characteristics. time is not a part of this graph

68
Q

Senior Homyonym

A

Same name, different taxa

69
Q

Senior Synonym

A

Different names, same taxa

70
Q

ICZN

A

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

71
Q

Eight Taxonomic Levels

A

1) Domain
2) Kingdom
3) Phylum
4) Class
5) Order
6) Group
7) Family
8) Species

72
Q

Polyphyletic

Poly =

A

Taxa that do not share recent ancestors

=share

73
Q

4 Reproductive Methods of Prokaryotes

A

1) Conjugation
2) Transduction
3) Transformation
4) Binary Fission

74
Q

5 Major Clades of Bacteria

A

1) Proteobacteria
2) Chlamydias
3) Spirochets
4) Gram+ Bacteria
5) Cynobacteria

75
Q

Transduction

A

Transport of DNA between bacteria cell viruses - BacterophagesPhage = eat

76
Q

Autamorphy

A

Character state found in only one taxa

77
Q

ParaphyleticPara=

A

Group that does not contain all descendants of a common ancestor

78
Q

Cladistics / Phylogenetic Systematics
Clados =
Phylo=
Gen =

A

Arranging organisms using their shared derived characteristics
= Branch
= Tribe or Race
= To create

79
Q

Analogous / Homoplastic convergents

A

When character states appear the same but actually evolved independently

80
Q

SynamorphySyn = Apo = Morph =

A

When two organisms are supported by a shared state
= Together
= Away from
= Form

Biology 108 (18 decks)

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