Bio Lecture 2

Question 1

Squamous

Answer 1

thin, flat, scaly

Question 2

cuboidal

Answer 2

roughly equal in length, width, and height

Question 3

columnar

Answer 3

taller than they are wide

Question 4

polygonal

Answer 4

having irregularly angular shapes with four or more sides

Question 5

stellate

Answer 5

having multiple pointed processes

Question 6

spheroid to ovoid

Answer 6

round to oval in shape

Question 7

discoid

Answer 7

disc shaped

Question 8

fusiform

Answer 8

spindle-shaped; elongated with a thick middle and tapered ends

Question 9

fibrous

Answer 9

long, slender, and threadlike

Question 10

a micrometer is _____ of a meter

Answer 10

one-millionth

Question 11

most human cells are about ___ to ___ micrometers wide

Answer 11

10 , 15

Question 12

time required for _____ is proportional to the square of distance

Answer 12

diffusion

Question 13

The surface area is proportional to the square of its _____
while the volume is proportional to the cube of its _____

Answer 13

diameter

Question 14

plasma membrane does what?

Answer 14

forms the surface boundary of the cell

Question 15

cytoplasm is?

Answer 15

material between the cell membrane and the nucleus

Question 16

supports the framework of protein filaments and tubules

Answer 16

cytoskeleton

Question 17

diverse structures

Answer 17

organelles

Question 18

inclusions

Answer 18

include cell products such as lipids and pigments and foreign bodies such as dust and bacteria

Question 19

clear gel of fluid inside the cell

Answer 19

cytosol

Question 20

material within the nucleus surface

Answer 20

nucleoplasm

Question 21

essentially a two-layered lipid film with proteins embedded in it

Answer 21

plasma membrane

Question 22

phospholipids make up ___% of the membrane lipid molecules

Answer 22

75

Question 23

two fatty acid tails are _____ while the phosphate-containing head is _____

Answer 23

hydrophobic, hydrophilic

Question 24

___ _____ substances pass in and out of the cell through the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 24

Fat soluble

Question 25

_____ proteins may pass all the way through the plasma membrane

Answer 25

integral

Question 26

______ proteins may adhere to the face of the membrane

Answer 26

peripheral

Question 27

(Role) - some hormones and neurotransmitters bind to cells at these proteins to trigger physiological changes inside the cell

Answer 27

Receptors

Question 28

(Role) - after chemical messages are received, some membrane proteins break down those messengers

Answer 28

Enzymes

Question 29

(Role) - water and solutes may pass through tunnels made of proteins to enter or leave the cell membrane

Answer 29

Channel proteins

Question 30

(Role) - some proteins function as genetic identification tags to allow the body to determine if cells belong to the body or are foreign

Answer 30

cell identification markers

Question 31

(Role) - some proteins allow cells to stick to each other

Answer 31

Cell adhesion molecules

Question 32

(Role) - some proteins actively bind to a substance on one side of the membrane and then release it on the other side

Answer 32

Carriers

Question 33

___ ___ - to control the passage of materials into and out of the cell

Answer 33

Membrane transport

Question 34

_____ - a process in which a physical pressure forces material through a membrane

Answer 34

filtration

Question 35

___ ___ - the net movement of particles from a greater concentration to a lesser concentration

Answer 35

simple diffusion

Question 36

selective permeable membrane allows ___

Answer 36

some molecules to pass through

Question 37

_____ - the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, from the side where water is more concentrated to where water is less concentrated

Answer 37

osmosis

Question 38

_____ _____ - movement of a solute through a membrane, down its concentration gradient, with the aid of a carrier

Answer 38

facilitated diffusion

Question 39

The carrier binds to the particle on one side, where the solute is ____ _____, and releases it on the other side, where it is ____ _____

Answer 39

more concentrated, less concentrated

Question 40

_____ _____ - carrier-mediated transport of a solute through a membrane up its concentration gradient, with the expenditure of ATP

Answer 40

Active transport

Question 41

_____ _____ - movement of larger particles or droplets of fluid through the membrane in bubble-like vesicles

Answer 41

Vesicular transport

Question 42

Endocytosis - into the cell

Answer 42

Exocytosis - out of the cell

Question 43

_____ - a layer of carbohydrates on the glycoproteins and glycolipids of the plasma membrane forms a fuzzy, sugary coating

Answer 43

Glycocalyx

Question 44

The coating does: (3)

Answer 44

- cushions the plasma membrane and protects it from injury - functions in cell identity - contains cell-adhesion molecules that help bind tissues together

Question 45

_____ - extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area

Answer 45

microvilli

Question 46

_____ - hairlike processes that extend from cells

Answer 46

cilia

Question 47

Motile cilia - _____ Non-motile cilia - _____

Answer 47

beat in waves that move materials along the outside surface of the cell are not well understood, but some are sensory

Question 48

_____ - long whiplike tails for movement of sperm cells

Answer 48

flagella

Question 49

_____ _____ - arrangements of proteins that link cells together and attach them to extracellular material

Answer 49

Intercellular Junctions

Question 50

_____ junctions - a zipperlike junction between epithelial cells that limits the passage of substances between them

Answer 50

Tight

Question 51

_____ - a patch-like intercellular junction that mechanically links two cells together

Answer 51

desmosomes

Question 52

___ _____ - A junction between two cells consisting of a pore surrounded by a ring of proteins in the plasma membrane in each cell

Answer 52

Gap Junctions (The pore allows solutes to diffuse from the cytoplasm of one cell to the next, which makes communication between the cells possible)

Question 53

_____ - system of filaments and tubules that provide physical support, allow cellular movement, and control routing of molecules and organelles to their destinations within the cell

Answer 53

Cytoskeleton

Question 54

_____ _____ - An extensive system of interconnected tubules or channels enclosed in a membrane

Answer 54

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 55

_____ ER - contains ribosomes and synthesizes proteins for export from the cell _____ ER - involved in detoxification, steroid synthesis, and storage of calcium ions

Answer 55

Rough Smooth

Question 56

_____ - Granules composed of ribosomal RNA and enzymes that read sequences of messenger RNA to assemble sequences of amino acids to make proteins

Answer 56

Ribosomes

Question 57

____ _____ - Organelle that modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins and synthesizes carbohydrates

Answer 57

Golgi complex

Question 58

_____ - Organelles that contain enzymes that are used to digest foreign matter, pathogens, and expired organelles

Answer 58

Lysosomes

Question 59

_____ - Organelles containing enzymes that detoxify drugs and break down fatty acids, producing hydrogen peroxide in the process

Answer 59

Peroxisomes

Question 60

_____ - Organelles specialized to synthesize ATP

Answer 60

mitochondria

Question 61

_____ - organelles composed of short cylinders of microtubules, that are the origin of the mitotic spindles

Answer 61

Centrioles

Question 62

_____ - any visible object in the cytoplasm of a cell other than an organelle or cytoskeletal element, such as a dust particle, lipid droplet, or pigment

Answer 62

inclusions

Question 63

_____ - the production of egg and sperm cells (haploid cells)

Answer 63

Meiosis

Question 64

_____ - produces identical cells for growth or replacement of damaged cells

Answer 64

Mitosis

Question 65

Interphase - precedes replication activities - the phase where most cells remain for long periods of time - DNA is replicated

Answer 65

Prophase - the DNA chromosomes coil into short, dense rods called chromatids

Question 66

The _____________________ are two genetically identical bodies joined together at a pinched spot called the centromere

Answer 66

chromatids