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Bio Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

A _____ - material that surrounds the cell and is composed of fibrous proteins and ground substance

A

matrix

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2
Q

tissue differences (3)

A
  • types and functions of the cell
  • characteristic of the matrix (extracellular material) that surrounds the cells
  • relative amount of space occupied by cells versus matrix
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3
Q

_____ is a type of tissue composed of one or more layers of closely adhering cells, either covering an organ surface of forming the secretory tissue and ducts of a gland

A

Epithelium

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4
Q

Epithelium is found in linings of organs, the lining of body cavities, and forms the epidermis of the skin

A

The extracellular material is so thin, there’s no blood

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5
Q

Anchoring the epithelium to the connective tissue below is a layer of tissue called the _____ _____

A

basement membrane

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6
Q

Surfaces of epithelium that face the basement membrane are _____ _____

A

basal surfaces

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7
Q

Surfaces that face away from the basement membrane are _____ _____

A

apical surface

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8
Q

_____ epithelium: having only a single layer of layers

A

simple

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9
Q

_____ _____ - single layer of flat, scale-like cells

found in air sacs of lungs, glomerular capsules of kidneys

A

simple squamous

allows rapid diffusion or transport through membranes

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10
Q

_____ _____ – single layer of cube-shaped (rounded) cells

Found in the liver, thyroid, and many glands

A

Simple cuboidal

For absorption and secretion

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11
Q

_____ _____ – single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide – greater volume allows more absorption & secretion

Found in the lining of the stomach, intestines, uterus

A

Simple columnar

Absorption, secretion of mucus

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12
Q

simple _____ columnar epithelium has cilia to move the egg through the _____ _____

A

ciliated; uterine tubes

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13
Q

_________ _____ - Epithelium that has the appearance of having multiple layers (stratified), but which actually has a single layer of cells that are not all the same height

A

Pseudostratified columnar

secretes and propels mucus (has cilia)

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14
Q

_____ - having two or more layers of cells, with some cells resting on others, rather than being in direct contact with the basement membrane

A

stratified

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15
Q

stratified _____ - multiple layers of flat, scale-like cells

flat on the surface

two types - with keratin and without

A

squamous

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16
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is found on the ____ ______ and resists water loss and provides resistance to skin penetration

A

skin surface

resists abrasion, penetration, water loss

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17
Q

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium provides a surface that is _____ _____, but is also moist and slippery

A

abrasion resistant

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18
Q

stratified _____ - multiple layers of cube-shaped cells

A

cuboidal

contributes to sweat, secretes hormones, produces sperm

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19
Q

stratified ______ - multiple layers of cells that are taller than they are wide

A

columnar

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20
Q

_______ epithelium - multiple layers of cells that were once thought to represent a transitional stage between squamous and columnar

A

transitional

stretches to allow filling of urinary tract

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21
Q

connective tissue functions (6)

binding of organs -
tendons bind muscle to bone
ligaments bind bone to bone
fat holds kidney in place

A

support, protection, movement, storage, heat production, transport

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22
Q

_____ - Large flat cells that appear tapered at the ends and produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissue

A

Fibroblasts

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23
Q

_____ - Large phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy bacteria, foreign matter, or dead and dying cells

A

Leukocytes

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24
Q

_____ cells - cells found along blood vessels that secrete heparin or histamine to inhibit blood clotting or increase blood flow

A

mast

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25
_____ - Fat cells
Adipocytes
26
_______ fibers - tough, flexible fibers, made of collagen
Collagenous
27
_____ fibers - thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein, forming a spongelike network
reticular
28
_____ fibers - fibers composed of a protein called elastin, which has a coiled structure that allows it to stretch and recoil like a rubber band
Elastic
29
_____ substance - Three classes of large molecules that form a gel in connective tissue that slows down the spread of bacteria and other pathogens. They also bind tissue components together
Ground
30
Fibrous connective tissue (2)
loose connective tissue dense connective tissue
31
____ connective tissue - much space is occupied by ground substance
loose
32
_____ tissue - has fibers that run in random directions and has a highly variable appearance it surrounds blood vessels and nerves, allowing passage through other tissues
areolar provides space for immune defense provides nutrients and waste removal for overlying epithelia
33
_____ tissue - has a mesh-like appearance and forms the structural framework of the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow
reticular
34
_____ tissue - tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type it stores energy and provides cushioning
adipose
35
_____ connective tissue - fibers take up more space than cells or ground substance
Dense
36
Dense _____ connective tissue - has fibers that are closely packed and the fibers run parallel to the direction of force binds to muscle to bone and bone to bone
regular
37
dense _____ connective tissue - has thick bundles of collagen which run in random directions it binds the skin to muscle and withstands stress in unpredictable directions
irregular
38
_____ - supports connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix
cartilage
39
_____ cartilage - found in the trachea and over the ends of bones at movable joints it holds the airways open and eases joint movement
Hyaline
40
_____ cartilage - found in the external ear and nose provides flexible, elastic support
elastic
41
_____cartilage - found in the pubic symphysis and between the bones of the vertebral column
fibro
42
_____ bone is bone tissue that fills the heads of the long bones it is made up of many delicate slivers that give it a spongy appearance
spongy
43
_____ bone - is bone tissue that forms the surface of the skeleton. it is more dense calcified tissue, with no spaces visible to the naked eye
compact
44
_____ is the ground substance part of the blood (liquid part)
plasma
45
formed elements are cells and cell fragments that carry oxygen, fight infection or help to form clots if an injury occurs
formed elements are cells and cell fragments that carry oxygen, fight infection or help to form clots if an injury occurs
46
_____ _____ - is tissue specialized for rapid communication by means of electrical and chemical signals
nervous tissue
47
_____ are specialized cells that detect stimuli and transmit information rapidly to other cells
neurons
48
_____ - cell body that houses the nucleus and other organelles
soma
49
_____ - processes extending from the cell body that receive signals from the other cells
dendrites
50
_____ - processes (1 for each neuron) that send outgoing signals from the stoma
axons
51
_____ cells - cells that support and assist the neurons
glial
52
_____ tissue - is the tissue that is specialized to contract when stimulated (thus exerting physical force on other tissues)
muscular
53
_____ muscle long cylindrical cells, with striations and multiple nuclei muscles attached to bones, but voluntary body movements, breathing, speech
skeletal
54
_____ muscle short branched cells connected by intercalated discs and having one nucleus involuntary blood pumping
cardiac
55
_____ muscle short fusiform, one nucleus, no striations found as sheets of tissue in the walls of internal organs and sphincters movement of food or urine , involuntary
smooth
56
_____ are organs or cells that secrete substances for use in the body or for elimination from the body
glands
57
______ glands - goblet cells are shaped like wineglasses, found in the epithelia of many mucous membranes
single- celled
58
_____ glands - include all other glands in which multiple cells work together to produce secretions
multicellular
59
_____ glands are glands that convey their secretions through ducts to the surface of the body or to the lumen (cavity) of another organ
exocrine
60
_____ glands secrete their products directly into the bloodstream for transport to target cells
endocrine
61
types of secretions (4)
serous mucous mixed cytogenic
62
_____ glands produce a glycoprotein called mucin, which absorbs water to form mucus
Mucous
63
_____ glands produce relatively thin, watery fluids, such as perspiration, milk, or tears
serous
64
_____ glands contain both serous and mucous cells and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions
mixed
65
_____ glands release whole cells (sperm or egg cells)
cytogenic
66
Methods of secretion (3)
merocrine holocrine apocrine
67
_____ glands release their secretions by exocytosis
merocrine
68
_____ glands accumulate products within the cell and then disintegrates so that the substance released is a mixture of product and cell fragments
holocrine
69
_____ glands were named when it was believed that bits of apical cytoplasm broke away from the cell surface
apocrine
70
membranes (7)
mucous membranes endothelium membranes serous membranes synovial membranes Stratified membranes cutaneous membranes
71
_____ membranes - skin stratified squamous epithelium resting on a layer of connective tissue
cutaneous
72
_____ membranes - membranes that line passageways leading to the exterior
stratified
73
_____ membranes - membranes that produce watery serous fluid line the insides of some body cavities and form a smooth surface on the outer surface of some viscera
serous
74
_____ - simple squamous epithelium that lines the lumens of the blood vessels, heart, and lymphatic vessels
endothelium
75
_____ membranes - membranes made of connective tissue that span the gap from bone to bone and secrete slippery synovial fluid into the joint
synovial
76
_____ - growth through cell multiplication
hyperplasia
77
_____ - enlargement of existing cells
hypertrophy
78
_____ replacement of cells by the same type of cells
regeneration
79
_____ replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, composed mainly of collagen
fibrosis

Biology 1 (6 decks)

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