Bio Lecture 5

Question 1

support bones (4)

Answer 1

legs
pelvis
vertebral column
jaw bones support teeth

Question 2

_____ muscles are useful for movement because they are connected to bones

Answer 2

skeletal

Question 3

bones enclose and protect organs and tissue such as (6)

Answer 3

brain
spinal cord
lungs
heart
pelvic viscera
bone marrow

Question 4

____ ____ _____ - is the major producer of blood cells, including most cells of the immune system

Answer 4

red bone marrow

Question 5

The _____ is the body’s main reservoir. It stores calcium and phosphate —> releases them when needed for other purposes

Answer 5

skeleton

Question 6

____ -____ _____ - bone buffers the blood against excessive pH changes by absorbing or releasing alkaline salts such as calcium phosphate

Answer 6

Acid-base balance

Question 7

_____ - bone tissue removes heavy metals and other elements from the blood to reduce their toxic effects on other tissue

can release slowly for excretion

Answer 7

detoxification

Question 8

______ _____ - is a connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals

the hardening process is called the mineralization or calcification

Answer 8

osseous tissue

Question 9

other tissues in bone include (6)

Answer 9

adipose tissue
blood
bone marrow
cartilage
fibrous connective tissue
nervous tissue

Question 10

“Bone” can denote an organ containing all these tissues, or it can denote to just the _____ _____

Answer 10

osseous tissue

Question 11

_____ bones - roughly cylindrical in shape and longer than wide

serves as levers

demur, humerus, ulna

Answer 11

long

Question 12

_____ bones - more nearly equal in length and width

have limited motion, but glide
carpals, tarsals

Answer 12

short

Question 13

_____ bones - flat surfaces

enclose and protect soft organs and provide a surface for muscle attachment

cranial bones, ribs, sternum, scapula, ossa coxae

Answer 13

flat

Question 14

_____ bones - elaborate shapes

vertebrae, ethmoid and sphenoid

Answer 14

irregular

Question 15

_____ bone - bone tissue that forms the surface of the skeleton.

dense calcified tissue, no space visible to the naked eye

3/4 of skeleton is _____ bone, by weight

Answer 15

compact

Question 16

_____ bone - tissue that fills up the heads of long bones

it is make up of many long delicate slivers that give a spongy appearance

Answer 16

spongy

Question 17

_____ - the shaft of a long bone

Answer 17

diaphysis

Question 18

_____ - the expanded head at the end of a long bone

filled with spongy bone
contains red bone marrow

Answer 18

epiphysis

Question 19

_____ _____ - cylindrical hallow cavity inside the diaphysis

contains yellow bone marrow

Answer 19

medullary cavity

Question 20

______ _____ - hyaline cartilage that separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis

it’s the zone where bones grow in length

when the plate is depleted, an epiphyseal line remains visible

Answer 20

epiphyseal plate

Question 21

______ - a sheath that covers the bone and provides strong attachment from tendon to bone

Answer 21

periosteum

Question 22

_____ ____ - fibers of the periosteum, that penetrate bone matrix

Answer 22

perforating fibers

Question 23

______ ______ - minute holed through the compact bone that allow blood vessels of the periosteum to penetrate bone

Answer 23

nutrient foramina

Question 24

_____ thin layer of connective tissue lining the inside of a diaphysis (lining of the medullary cavity)

Answer 24

endosteum

Question 25

_____ cartilage - thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of adjoining bones the cartilage along with synovial fluid, allows the bones to move easily at the joint

Answer 25

articular

Question 26

______ cells - stem cells found in the endosteum, the periosteum, and compact bone. They multiply continually and some of them differentiate into osteoblasts

Answer 26

osteogenic

Question 27

_____ - bone-building cells that synthesize the organic matter of the matrix and help mineralize bone stress and fractures stimulate mitosis

Answer 27

osteoblasts

Question 28

______ - mature bone cells that are essentially osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited

Answer 28

osteocytes

Question 29

_____ - tiny cavities that house osteocytes

Answer 29

lacunae

Question 30

_____ tiny cavities that house osteocytes

Answer 30

lacunae

Question 31

______ - tiny channels that connect lacunae together

Answer 31

canaliculi

Question 32

_____ bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surface

Answer 32

Osteoclasts they develop from the same marrow cells that produce monocytes of the blood

Question 33

By weight, the matrix is _____ organic matter and _____ inorganic matter

Answer 33

1/3 organic 2/3 inorganic

Question 34

organic matter (2)

Answer 34

Collagen large protein-carbohydrate complexes

Question 35

The collagen and minerals from a composite that gives bone _____ and _____

Answer 35

flexibility and strength

Question 36

the minerals resist compression when:

Answer 36

bones are deficient in calcium salts, they become soft and bend easily

Question 37

the collagen fibers give it the ability to resist tension, so that the bone can _______________________

Answer 37

bend slightly without snapping

Question 38

The basic structural unit of compact bone is a cylindrical unit called an _____

Answer 38

osteon

Question 39

Osteons are composed of _______ _______ - small rings surrounded by larger and larger rings of matrix

Answer 39

concentric lamellae

Question 40

the central canal is a canal that passes lengthwise through the core of the _____ and contains blood vessels and nerves

Answer 40

osteon

Question 41

_______ lie between adjacent layers of matrix and are connected with each other by canaliculi

Answer 41

Lacunae

Question 42

_____ thin plates or sheets of calcified tissue

Answer 42

trabeculae

Question 43

_____ spines of calcified tissue

Answer 43

spicules

Question 44

______ and ______ form a latticelike appearance to resemble a sponge

Answer 44

trabeculae and spicules

Question 45

____ _____ is a general term for the soft tissue that occupies the medullary cavity, the spaces within spongy bone, and larger central canals

Answer 45

bone marrow

Question 46

_____ _____ _____ - tissue that forms blood cells (process called hemopoiesis)

Answer 46

Red bone marrow

Question 47

_____ _____ _____ - replaces red bone marrow in the medullary cavity with age stores fat

Answer 47

yellow bone marrow

Question 48

________ ________ - process in which a bone develops from hyaline cartilage

Answer 48

endochondral ossification

Question 49

______ tissue condenses into a hyaline cartilage model that resembles the shape of the bone to come

Answer 49

Embryonic

Question 50

in the cartilage model ______ near the center of the model multiply and swell forming a primary ossification center

Answer 50

chondrocytes

Question 51

Within the primary ossification center: As the _____ enlarges, the matrix between them is reduced to thin walls and the model becomes weak

Answer 51

Lacunae

Question 52

Some cells of the perichondrium become osteoblasts, which produce a body collar (_____) around the model

Answer 52

periosteum

Question 53

the _____ cuts off the diffusion of nutrients to the chondrocytes, killing them

Answer 53

periosteum

Question 54

buds of connective tissue grow into the _____ and break down the _____

Answer 54

cartilage; lacunae

Question 55

_______ ____ invade and produce osteoblasts which deposit osteoid tissue

Answer 55

osteogenic cells

Question 56

Around the time of birth, ______ ________ _______ begin to form in the epiphyses

Answer 56

secondary ossification centers

Question 57

_______ enlarge, the walls of the matrix between them dissolve, and _______ die

Answer 57

chondrocytes

Question 58

_______ ____ arise from the perichondrium and grow into the cartilage, bringing osteogenic cells and osteoclasts with them

Answer 58

vascular buds

Question 59

the cartilage is eroded from the center of the ______ outward in all direction

Answer 59

epiphysis

Question 60

_____ _____ persists on the epiphyseal surfaces as articular cartilage and at the junctions with the diaphysis, where they form epiphyseal plates

Answer 60

Hyaline cartilage

Question 61

At age __ osteoblasts become less active than osteoclasts

Answer 61

30

Question 62

at age __ women lose about __ % of their bone mass per decade, and men lose about _% per decade

Answer 62

40 8% - women 3% - men

Question 63

bone loss in the ___ contributes to tooth loss

Answer 63

jaws

Question 64

facts: as bone density decreases, bones become brittle, and fractures occur more easily

Answer 64

fact: arthritis is also associated with aging

Question 65

Fractures (2)

Answer 65

stress fractures pathologic fractures

Question 66

_____ fractures - breaks caused by abnormal trauma to a bone, such as incurred in falls, athletics, etc.

Answer 66

stress

Question 67

_____ fractures - breaks due to bone that weakened by disease such as bone cancer or osteoporosis

Answer 67

pathologic

Question 68

Osteoporosis means ______ involves loss of bone mass to the point the body weight cannot be supported

Answer 68

porous bones

Question 69

weight-bearing bones of the vertebrae become compressed, and people may lose height and develop an exaggerated spinal curvature called _______

Answer 69

kyphosis

Question 70

Axial skeleton (4)

Answer 70

ribs sternum skull vertebral column

Question 71

______ skeleton - bones of the upper and lower limbs, and bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdle

Answer 71

appendicular

Question 72

bone landmarks (4)

Answer 72

articulations (3) - condyle, facet, head depressions (3) - alveolus, fossa, sulcus extensions & projections (8) crest, epicondyle, process, protuberance, spine, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity passages (4) canal, fissure, foramen, meatus

Question 73

Articulations condyle - ___________ Facet - _____________ Head - _____________

Answer 73

Condyle – rounded knob Facet – smooth, flat, slightly concave, or convex articular surface Head – prominent expanded end of a bone, sometimes rounded

Question 74

Depressions: Alveolus – ________ Fossa – __________ Sulcus – __________

Answer 74

Alveolus – pit or socket Fossa – shallow, broad, or elongated basin Sulcus – a groove for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel

Question 75

Extensions and Projections: Crest - ____________ Epicondyle - ________ Process - __________ Protuberance - ______ Spine - ____________ Trochanter - ________ Tubercle - __________ Tuberosity - ________

Answer 75

Crest – narrow ridge Epicondyle – projection superior to a condyle Process – any bony prominence Protuberance – a bony outgrowth or protruding part Spine – a sharp, slender, or narrow process Trochanter – Massive process unique to the femur Tubercle – a small rounded process Tuberosity – rough surface

Question 76

Passages: canal - _________ fissure - ________ foramen - _______ meatus - ________

Answer 76

Canal – tubular passage or tunnel in a bone Fissure - slit through a bone Foramen – a hole through a bone, usually round Meatus – an opening into a canal