- What are some hormonal responses to an increase in temperature?
An increase in temperature results in an increase of cortisol and can also affect melatonin and growth hormone.
- What is a pathogen?
A pathogen is an organism that produces diseases/infections.
- What is a vector?
A vector is an organism that spreads diseases by conveying pathogens form one host to another.
- Compare Xerophytes and Mesophytes
Xerophytes are adapted to dry climates, whereas mesophytes thrive in wet, well-watered climates.
- What are some structural features of plants to maintain water balance?
Plants have a sunken stomata and thick cuticles in order to increase hydration and maintain water balance.
- What is the zone of inhibition and what experiment could you do to test it?
A zone of inhibition is the circular are surrounding the spot of antibiotic in which bacteria colonies do not grow. Disc diffusion tests can be done in order to test this.
- How are antibodies produced?
Antibodies are naturally produces in the plasma cells within the body.
- What is hibernation, torpor and klemtothermy?
Hibernation is a state of metabolic depression in which the organism is inactive.
Torpor is a state of physical or mental lethargy
Klemtothermy is a form of thermoregulation which an animal shares metabolic thermogenesis with another organism.
- How does a plants immune system work?
Plants have an innate immune system that detects patterns through a pattern recognition system and responds with defensive compounds such as phytoalexins.
- What is a halophyte and how can they increase water absorption?
Halophytes are plants that are adapted to live off of highly salt saturated water sources. They increase water absorption by dropping their leaves to minimise water loss and developing an extensive root system. Additionally, they also have a host of salt glands that excrete excess salt and maintain osmotic balance.
- During exercise, what physiological response causes an increase in temperature?
An increase in metabolic rate and muscle activity generate heat, rising the temperature.
- What is the inflammatory response?
The inflammatory response is when damaged cells release chemicals that cause inflammation and blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissue. Also due to an increase in blood flow and immune cell activity.
- Compare the innate and Acquired (adaptive) immune system
The innate immune system is the bodies first line of defence. It acts very quickly, and provides protection via skin, mucus, and proteins. The Acquired immune system is the next line of defence. It is slower to act as it recognises germs and specially targets them. It is made up of T cells, B cells, and antibodies.
- What is an action potential in a neuron and where does it occur?
The action potential in the neuron is the main source of communication within the neuron. It occurs within the axon hillock. It is a rapid change in voltage.
- What is xylem and Phloem and how do they work?
Xylem and phloem are types of transport tissue in vascular plants. Xylem conveys water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plants. Phloem conducts food made in the leaves to all other parts of the plants.
- What is a hormone?
Hormones are chemicals within the body that coordinate different functions. They are specific to the target and bind with the specific receptor.
- How is DNA found in a virus and in bacteria?
The DNA withing a virus is located in the nucleocapsid/capsid, whereas the DNA of a bacteria is found in the Nucleoid.
- What is thermogenesis?
Thermogenesis is an animal’s way of regulating body temperature/ generating heat, often through shivering or brown adipose tissue.
- What are some physiological adaptations for endotherms?
Some physiological adaptations are vasodilation; the animal’s ability to expand and shrink blood vessels, and counter current heating, the animals ability to adjust the flow of blood vessels to optimise heat.
- What are some biological adaptations for endotherms to heat?
Biological adaptations include thermal windows, pockets in the body that specialise in heat dissipation. Fat redistribution, reduce/redistributing body fate to avoid heat being trapped.
- What is an effector when maintaining homeostasis?
An effector is any organism that responds to stimulus from the integrating centre to maintain homeostasis, such as muscles contracting to generate heat.
- What is the complement system of immunity
The complement system is a series of proteins in the blood that help antibodies clear pathogens by enhancing phagocytosis and promoting cell lysis.
- What are the components of the innate immune system?
The innate immune system involves physical barriers (skin, mucus, and proteins), as well phagocytes, natural killers, and the inflammatory response.
- What is the result of a negative feedback cycle?
The negative feedback cycle occurs to counteract a process and to stabilize the organism in order to return to homeostasis.
