Bio Test #7

Question 1

CVS

Answer 1

sample of Chorion is obtained with a catheter inserted through the vagina; done at 8 weeks; cells can be cultured and grown

Question 2

Nuchal Transluency Scan

Answer 2

scan (ultasound), non-invasive, look for presence of nuchal fluid, can indicate down syndrome, farther tests are recommended

Question 3

trimosy

Answer 3

have an extra chromosome on a pair and has the number of the pair that is in

Question 4

What are the examples of trimosies?

Answer 4

Trimosy 21 (down syndrome), Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome)

Question 5

What are trimosy of sex chromosomes?

Answer 5

Triple X Syndrome (female)
Turner Syndrome (female)
Kleinefelter Syndrome (female)
Syndrome XYY (male)

Question 6

What are risks of Amniocentesis and CVS?

Answer 6

it could result in termination of pregnancy

Question 7

meiosis

Answer 7

a form of cell division that produces Gametes

Question 8

gametes

Answer 8

general name for all sex cells

Question 9

What is another name for meiosis?

Answer 9

reduction division

Question 10

reduction division

Answer 10

a diploid nucleus (2n) forms an haploid nucleus

Question 11

diploid

Answer 11

each cell has 2 sets of chromosomes for each pair (2n)

Question 12

haploid

Answer 12

cell with only 1 chromosome for each pair (n)

Question 13

What happens in meiosis?

Answer 13

a diploid cell generates 4 haploid cells different from the starting cell

Question 14

What are the 2 main phases of meiosis?

Answer 14

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Question 15

Meiosis I

Answer 15

homologous chromosomes separate

Question 16

Meiosis II

Answer 16

sister chromatids separate

Question 17

Homologous Chromosomes

Answer 17

chromosomes that control the same characteristics; have same shape, length, and carry same genes, or same loci

Question 18

What are the phases in Meiosis I?

Answer 18

prophase I
metaphase I
anaphase I
telophase I

Question 19

What are the phases in Meiosis II?

Answer 19

prophase II
metaphase II
anaphase II
telophase II

Question 20

What occurs in Prophase I?

Answer 20

nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles migrate to opposite poles, spindle starts forming & organizing, chromosomes finish condensing, spindle attaches to chromosomes at centromere (spindle attaches to only 1 side of chromosome)

Question 21

What occurs in Metaphase I?

Answer 21

homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell; spindle fibers move them to align them

Question 22

What occurs in Anaphase I?

Answer 22

spindle fibers contract & homologous chromosomes are pulled apart

Question 23

What occurs in Telophase I?

Answer 23

spindle fibers disappear, chromosome arrive at opposite poles; sometimes nuclear membrane reappear (sometimes it moves straight into Prophase II); chromosomes uncoil

Question 24

What occurs in Prophase II?

Answer 24

nuclear envelope disappears; chromosomes recoil; spindle reforms; centrioles migrate to opposite poles (spindle each chromosomes on both sides)

Question 25

What occurs in Metaphase II?

Answer 25

chromosomes alighn along equator of cell

Question 26

What occurs in Anaphase II?

Answer 26

sisters chromatids spearate as the spindle contracts

Question 27

What occurs in Telophase II?

Answer 27

chromosomes arrive at opposite poles; spindle disappears; nuclear membrane reappears; cells prepare for cytokinesis

Question 28

What occurs in cytokinesis of meiosis?

Answer 28

cytoplasm is divided; there are now 4 qhaploid cells

Question 29

genotype

Answer 29

the alleles possessed by an organism

Question 30

phenotype

Answer 30

the characteristic observed in an organism

Question 31

homozygous

Answer 31

having 2 identical alleles

Question 32

heterozygous

Answer 32

having 2 different alleles

Question 33

dominant

Answer 33

a trait that affects the phenotype whether it is in homozygous or heterozygous form

Question 34

recessive

Answer 34

a trait that affects the phenotype only when it is in homozygous form

Question 35

carrier

Answer 35

an individual that has the recessive allele of a gene but does not show any affect

Question 36

co-dominance

Answer 36

both traits have an effect on phenotype

Question 37

What are the two types of co-dominance?

Answer 37

co-dominant | incomplete dominance

Question 38

co-dominant

Answer 38

both traits show up on the phenotype. one is not stronger than the other

Question 39

incomplete dominance

Answer 39

the two traits blend & create an intermediate trait; generally creates extra phenotype

Question 40

monohybrid crosses

Answer 40

two organisms are "crossed" (mating) and 1 trait is observed

Question 41

test cross

Answer 41

breeding an unknown organism with a homozygous recessive

Question 42

When is a trait sex-linked?

Answer 42

A trait is sex-linked when it is on the non-homologous region of the x-chromosomes

Question 43

HOw many alleles will a male have in the non-homologous?

Answer 43

For any gene in this region a male will only have one allele

Question 44

What are males genotype stipulations?

Answer 44

males cannot be carriers (it either has it or not); male will pass a trait to his daughters (not his sons); males with conditions always inherit them from their mothers

Question 45

What are the 4 possible blood types?

Answer 45

A, B, AB, & 0

Question 46

What blood type alleles are co-dominant with each other, but dominant over 0?

Answer 46

A & B

Question 47

Antigen

Answer 47

protein on a surface of cell

Question 48

characteristics of blood type A

Answer 48

has red blood cells with Antigen A and produces antibodies for blood type B

Question 49

characteristics of blood type B

Answer 49

has antigen B on blood cells and produces antibodies for type A

Question 50

characteristics of blood type AB

Answer 50

has both A & B antigens and does not produce antibodies

Question 51

characteristics of blood type 0

Answer 51

does not have antigens, but produces both antibodies A & B

Question 52

What blood type is a universal acceptor?

Answer 52

AB

Question 53

What blood type is a universal donor?

Answer 53

0

Question 54

Rh Factor

Answer 54

an antigen on blood cells

Question 55

What are the characteristics of Rh-?

Answer 55

produces antibodies for Rh+, and can donate to Rh+ AND Rh- patients

Question 56

What are the characteristics of Rh+?

Answer 56

does not produce antibodies for Rh. It can only donate to Rh+

Question 57

pedigree

Answer 57

diagrams used by geneticists to collect info on human families.