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Honors Biology > Bio Test #5 > Flashcards

Bio Test #5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the monomer for nucleic acids?

A

nucleotide

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2
Q

What is the polymer for nucleic acids?

A

DNA & RNA

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3
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the structure of Nucleotide?

A

a sugar
a phosphate group
a nitrogenous base

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4
Q

Why are there different types of nucleotides?

A

Different type of nucleotides because different nitrogenous bases attached to them

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5
Q

What are the four different bases?

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

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6
Q

What group are the bases in?

A

Adenine & Guanine are Purines

Cytosine & Thymine are Pyrimidines

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7
Q

How are nucleotides linked together to create 1 strand?

A

Nucleotides are linked together by a covalent bond between the carbon in the 3rd position & the phosphate group

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8
Q

How many strands is DNA made of?

A

2

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9
Q

What keeps DNA strands together?

A

The strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between bases

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10
Q

What does complementary base pairing consist of?

A

Adenine only bonds with Thymine

Cytosine only bonds with Guanine

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11
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are needed for each complementary base pair?

A

Between Adenine & Thymine there are 2 hydrogen bonds

Between Cytosine & Guanine there are 3 hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

What are the functions of DNA?

A

DNA makes up our genes, it contains instructions to synthesize proteins for the whole, it transfers hereditary info from cell to cell

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13
Q

What are the functions of RNA?

A 
makes mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA (ribosomal)
copies & transports DNA instructions out of the nucleus (mRNA)
translates instructions into proteins (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
can also function as an enzyme
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14
Q

cytology

A

science that studies cells’ structure and functions

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15
Q

cytologist

A

person that studies cells

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16
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. All organisms are made of cells & cells’ products
  2. Cells are the smallest & simplest, structural & function unit of life
  3. Cells come from pre-existing
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17
Q

Cell Shapes

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, speroid, discoid, fusiform, fibrous

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18
Q

squamous

A

flat & angular; cover the esophagus, skin, lining of cavities, capillaries, alveoli

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19
Q

cuboidal

A

cube, liver cells

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20
Q

columnar

A

taller than wide, lining of intestine

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21
Q

speroid

A

roundish, fat cell

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22
Q

discoid

A

disk shape, red blood cell

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23
Q

fusiform

A

thick in the middle & tapered at end, smooth muscles

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24
Q

fibrous

A

thread like, skeletal muscle

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25
virus
a non-cellular structure composed of DNA/RNA and surrounded by a protein coat
26
What are characteristics of viruses?
Not cells made of the same material; have same genetic material have the ability to evolve through natural selection require a host to reproduce and survive have an incubation period that varies according to virus
27
How important is incubation?
It is crucial to the virus spreading
28
What process does virus reproduction use?
Lytic Process
29
How do viruses reproduce?
1. Adsorption 2. Entry 3. Replication 4. Assembly 5. Release
30
adsorption
virus attaches to the host cell
31
entry
virus injects its DNA/RNA into the cell
32
replication
genetic material of the virus takes control of the host cell and tells the cell to make viral DNA/RNA and protein coats
33
assembly
viral DNA directs host cell to assemble viruses
34
Release
new viruses destroy the membrane of the host cell and are released outside
35
What are prokaryotic cells?
Do not have nucleus, considered to be the most similar to a primordial cell
36
What do scientists believe about the first cell?
They believe that it was developed from non-living chemical substances. Even though this does not happen now and cells only originate from other cells
37
What are prokaryotes also called?
Prokaryotes are also called Bacteria
38
What are characteristics of prokaryotes?
They have few internal structures, but have a great variety of shapes & metabolic activity
39
What are 3 examples of Prokaryotes?
Blue-Green Bacteria Nitrogenfixing Bacteria Decomposers
40
Blue-green Bacteria
photosynthetic; make their own food using energy from sun; autotroph (self-feeding)
41
Nitrogenfixing Bacteria
absorb N2 from atmosphere and transform it into nitrate (NO3) & nitrite (NO2) which are then used by plants
42
Decomposers
use decaying matter & through fermentation break it back into simpler nutrients, important in our digestive system
43
What are the 3 main shapes of Prokaryotes?
round/cocci rod/bacillus spiral
44
What is Gramstain and its significance?
a series of stains poured over a bacteria and | it indicates presence of certain chemicals in cell wall (purple if contains stain, pink if not)
45
How can bacteria be classified?
Through its shape, gramstain, and antibiotic resistance
46
How do you test bacteria's antibiotic resistance?
the bacteria is grown on plates with different kinds of antibiotics and if they grow that means they are resistant to that antibiotic
47
What are the functions for cell wall?
maintain shape, protect from others, and prevents cell from bursting
48
What are the functions for cell membrane?
separates inside of cell from outside environment, allows things in & out of the cell & regulates flow
49
What are the functions for mesosome?
involved in ATP production
50
What are the function for cytoplasm?
to contain enzymes for chemical reactions
51
What is the structure of cell wall?
Cell wall maintains modified sugar polymers called peptydeglygans
52
What is the structure of cell membrane?
made of phospholipids
53
What is the structure of mesosome?
made by foldings of the cell membrane
54
What is the structure of cytoplasm?
structure is a semi-transparent gelatinous
55
What are the functions for ribosomes?
synthesize protein by translating mRNA
56
What are the functions of Naked DNA?
store genetic info, transfer genetic info to daughter cells, directs all activities of the cell
57
What is the structure of ribosomes?
made of rRNA organized into 2 sub units; prokaryote cells have small ribosomes called "70s"
58
What is the structure of Naked DNA?
made of nucleotides and is organized in a loop
59
Describe other structures
their presence varies: | Pilus, Flagellum, Capsule, Endospore
60
Describe Pilus/i
an "other structure" there are 2 types 1. sexpilus 2. common pilus
61
sexipilus
stabilize bacteria during conjugation
62
common pilus
attachment to surfaces, defense from phagocytic cells
63
Describe Flagellum
long slender projection; its function is locomotion; can be either polar or peritrichus
64
locomotion
moves in a whip like motion and propels cell forward
65
Polar Flagellum
can have more than one strand on one side
66
Peritrichus Flagellum
can have more than one strand on multiple sides
67
Describe Capsule
hard covering; it protects
68
Describe Endospore
hard covering; function: survival in periods of environmental stress (changes in temp., pH, chemicals)
69
What are the 2 main processes of reproduction of bacteria?
Binary Fission & Bacterial Conjugation
70
Binary Fission
asexual reproduction; not the same as mitosis
71
What are the advantages & disadvantages of Binary Fission?
Adv: it allows bacteria to grow rapidly Dis: because all bacteria are identical, if something kills/harms one bacteria, it will affect the whole population This process allows bacteria to grow exponentially
72
Bacterial Conjugation
2 genetic material exchange between 2 already existing bacteria
73
Plasmid
extra chromosomal DNA, capable or replicating independently from the main DNA; can carry specific properties
74
What are considerations of Bacterial Conjugation?
This is how bacteria can acquire new properties that allow them to survive & evolve
75
How do you prevent the ability for bacteria to survive & evolve too often?
enforce prudent use of antibiotic improve sanitation to avoid spread of bacteria invest in research take antibiotic for whole course of treatment

Honors Biology (8 decks)

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