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The Best Review On The Planet > BIO Unit 3B > Flashcards

BIO Unit 3B Flashcards

1
Q

Membrane bound internal structures

A

Organelles

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2
Q

Evolution leads small/simple cells to larger/complex cells called:

A

EUKARYOTES

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3
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

-LARGE and COMPLEX cells with internal membrane bound structures

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4
Q

Prokaryotes characteristics

A

-Small/simple
-No nucleus
-No membrane bound organelles

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5
Q

Examples of Eukaryotes

A

-Plant, Animal, Fungal, and human cells

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6
Q

Examples of Prokaryotes

A

-Bacteria, Archaea

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7
Q

MITOCHONDRIA

A

-Membrane bound structure on the inside of cells
-Converts glucose –> ENERGY
-AEROBIC RESPIRATION (using oxygen)

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8
Q

Prokaryotes –> Eukaryotes

HOW??

A

-ENDOSYMBIOSIS
Larger prokaryotic organisms “eat” smaller heterotrophic prokaryotes

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9
Q

Hypothesis: Larger prokaryote cells engulfed photosynthetic bacteria and led to..

A

INTERNAL PHOTOSYNTHETIC STRUCTURES

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10
Q

Evidence that supports endosymbiosis in Mitochondria

A

-Size and structure (mitochondria are the same size as most bacteria)
-Double Membrane
-Genetic material (mitochondria contain circular DNA like the genetic material in bacteria)

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11
Q

Green organelles inside of autotrophic cells that convert sunlight into stored energy through Photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

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12
Q

Nucleus

A

-Controls cell processes
-Contains DNA

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13
Q

Nucleolus

A

-Within the nucelus
-Assembles ribosomes (which make protein)

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14
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Packages and secretes cell products

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15
Q

Vacuoles

A

-A vesicle within the cytoplasm that stores cellular material

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16
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

-Synthesize, Transport, and Modify proteins

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17
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A

-Uses electrons
-Electrons PASS THROUGH specimen

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18
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

-Uses electrons
-Electrons BOUNCE OFF surface of specimen

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19
Q

Types of light microscopes

A

-Light (compound): Light PASSES THROUGH specimen
-Stereo (dissecting): Light BOUNCES OFF

-BOTH USE LIGHT TO FOCUS AND LENSES TO MAGNIFY

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20
Q

Magnification

A

enlargement

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21
Q

Resolution

A

Ability to distinguish two points as separate

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22
Q

Contrast

A

Ability to see details

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23
Q

Homeostasis

A

-Maintenance of a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment

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24
Q

Passive transport

A

-Movement from high to low concentration using no energy

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25
Osmosis
Water diffusion (under passive transport)
26
Diffusion
-Movement from high to low concentration
27
Active transport
-Movement from LOW TO HIGH concentration -REQUIRES energy!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! -Examples: Endocytosis and Exocytosis
28
Endocytosis
-Material taken into the cell via a pocket formed in the cell membrane
29
Exocytosis
- Moves particles (wastes and useful substances) to the outside of cell from low to high concentration
30
During passive transport what gets transported across cell membranes?
-Oxygen -Carbon dioxide -Water -Amino Acids
31
During active transport what gets transported across cell membranes?
-Sodium Ions -Potassium Ions -Carbohydrates -Proteins
32
Factors of cell permeability
-Particle Size -Space between lipid molecules -Concentration gradients -Being fat-soluble substance (like particles through like particles)
33
CELL THEORY
- Cells are the basic unit of life -All organisms are made of one or more cells
34
INTERPHASE
-Portion of the cell cycle between cellular division -LONGEST PHASE IN CELL CYCLE!!!!!!! -Includes usual cell functions (respiration, enzyme production, etc.)
35
How do we get new cells?
Cellular Reproduction/ Cell Division
36
Why do cells reproduce/divide
- Get too large -Repair damaged cells -Growth of a multicellular organism -Unicellular reproduction= asexual reproduction
37
The two parts of Cell Division
-Mitosis -Cytokinesis
38
MITOSIS
-Series of phases in which the nucleus divides into 2 nuclei
39
CYTOKINESIS
-Cytoplasm of the cell and its organelles separate into two cells called Daughter Cells
40
Prophase
-Chromosomes condense -Nucleolus and Nuclear envelope disappear -Microtubules and spindle fibers assemble
41
What do spindle fibers assist with?
-Cellular reproduction
42
Metaphase
- Chromosomes align at the center of the cell by the spindle fibers attached to the centromeres
43
Anaphase
-Sister Chromatids (2 copies of chromosomes) separate at centromere and migrate towards the ends of the cell
44
Telophase
-New nuclei form around chromosomes
45
ORDER OF MITOSIS PHASES
1. Interphase 2. Prophase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase 6. Cytokinses
46
Animal cell cytokinesis
- Groove forms in the middle of the cell (cleavage furrow), deepens until it pinches into two new cells
47
Plant cell cytokinesis
-Materials for new cells walls and membranes gather and fuse in the middle (equator) and fuse between the two nuclei
48
What is the relationship between tumors and cell cycle signals?
-Dont head cell cycle signals = uncontrolled cell growth = TUMORS
49
When do cells know when to stop?
- Density Dependent inhibition (run out of room)
50
When do cells know when to reproduce
-External/Internal signals -Growth factors (protein chemicals)
51
Cells that dont stop growing from bumps/lumps
-BENIGN TUMORS -Localized growth of cells -Not deadly -Can be removed
52
What is DNA?
-Deoxyribo-Nucleic Acid - Double Stranded molecule -Double helix (twisted ladder)
53
DNA Nucleotide
-Sugar- Deoxyribose -Phosphate -BASES: A, G, C, T
54
DNA BASES
A= T G = C
55
Phases of Interphase
-G1 -S phase -G2
56
What happens in G1 phase of interphase
the number of organelles and amount of cytoplasm in a cell increase
57
What happens in S Phase of Interphase
-Chromosomes replicate forming sister chromosomes which attach at the centromere
58
What happens in G2 phase of interphase
Preparation for cellular respiration
59
What happens after G1 cells go through S Phase
DNA REPLICATION
60
What happens in DNA replication
-DNA makes a copy of itself -Forms a sister chromatin
61
Is DNA parallel or anti-parallel?
Anti-parallel
62
1st step of DNA replication
1. DNA Helicase UNZIPS hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases
63
2nd step of DNA replication
2. DNA unzips at replication bubbles
64
3rd step of DNA replication
3. DNA polymerase (THE BUILDER) matches template strand with free-floating nucleotides -Works 5 prime to 3 prime -Forms leading/lagging strand
65
4th step of DNA replication
-DNA Ligase (THE GLUE) links pieces together forming a single DNA strand
66
5th step of DNA replication
5. Complimentary strands form to the template
67
Semi- conservative model of DNA replication
- When the double helix replicates, each of the daughter molecules will have one old strand and one newly created strand
68
What is Invagintion?
-Infolding of membrane that led to single membrane organelle
69
What is the cell membrane made up of?
-Phospholipid and protein channel
70
When does diffusion through the membrane stop?
When it reaches the equilibrium
71
What is Osmosis?
water diffusion
72
Malignant tumors
- Spreading, cancerous
73
Why do people get cancer?
Mutations, Genetics, Lifestyle, Viruses, Pollution

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