BIOCHEM Flashcards
(195 cards)
1
Q
smallest carbohydrates
A
Glyceraldehyde
2
Q
Major Energy Source
A
Glucose
3
Q
Storage form of glucose
A
Glycogen
4
Q
Components of cell membranes
A
Glycoprotein
5
Q
Structural component in plants, bacteria and insects
A
Chitin and cellulose
6
Q
Contains 1 sugar unit
A
Monosaccharides
7
Q
2 sugar units linked together by a glycosidic bond
A
Dissaccharides
8
Q
Contains 3-10 monosaccharides or sugar units
A
Oligosaccharides
9
Q
More than 10 sugar units
A
Polysaccharides
10
Q
Glucose + Glucose
A
Maltose
11
Q
Glucose + Glucose
A
Maltose
12
Q
Glucose + Galactose
A
Lactose
13
Q
Glucose + Fructose
A
Sucrose
14
Q
examples of monosaccharides
A
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
15
Q
examples of monosaccharides
A
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
16
Q
examples of polysaccharides
A
Glycogen, peptidoglycan
Starch, cellulose, chitin
17
Q
example of oligosaccharides
A
Seldom encountered
18
Q
what are the reducing sugar
A
Glucose, Maltose, Lactose, Fructose, Galactose
19
Q
what is the non reducing sugar
A
Sucrose
20
Q
Contain a Ketone group
A
Ketose
21
Q
Contain and Aldehyde group
A
Aldose
22
Q
it has 3 carbon atoms
A
triose
23
Q
it has 4 carbons
A
tetrose
24
Q
it has 5 carbons
A
pentose
25
it has 6 carbons
hexose
26
Glyceraldehyde, Dihydroxyacetone
triose
27
Threose, Erythrose
tetrose
28
Ribose, Arabinose, Lyxose, Xylose
pentose
29
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Mannose, Idose, Allose
hexose
30
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Mannose, Idose, Allose
hexose
31
Compounds that have the same chemical formula
isomers
32
Isomers that differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom
epimers
33
D and L designations refers to the configuration of the highest numbered chiral carbon (
enantiomers
34
In aqueous solution, monosaccharides with five or more carbon atoms occur predominantly as cyclic/ ring structure.
Anomers
35
-OH in carbonyl carbon is in opposite position of CH2OH
Alpha Anomers
36
-OH in carbonyl carbon is in the same position of CH2OH
Beta Anomers
37
Epimers at C2 of D-Glucose
Mannose
38
Epimers at C3 of D-Glucose
Allose
39
Epimers at C4 of D-Glucose
Gallactose
40
Epimers at C5 of D-Glucose
Idose
41
catalyze the hydrolysis of starch to maltose
Amylase
42
what are the two types of amylase
Salivary amylase (Ptyalin), Pancreatic amylase (Amylopsin)
43
other name of sucrose
Table sugar
44
only carbohydrate to be used directly for energy
glucose
45
other name of lactose
milk sugar
46
other name of maltose
malt sugar
47
Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy
Glycolysis
48
Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from non-carbohydrate source
Gluconeogenesis
49
Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
Glycogenesis
50
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy
Glycogenolysis
51
Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids
Lipogenesis
52
Decomposition of fats
Lipolysis
53
Produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
Insulin
54
Produced by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans
Glucagon
55
lowers blood glucose in the body
Insulin
56
what is the goal of insulin?
decrease blood glucose
57
increases blood glucose in the body
glucagon
58
Increases gluconeogenesis
Cortisol
59
Stimulates Glycogenolysis
Catecholamines
60
Increase glucose absorption in small intestines
Thyroid Hormones
61
Increase liver gluconeogenesis
Inhibits glycolysis
Growth Hormone
62
Produced by the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
Inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion
Somatostatin
63
regulates and maintains the constancy of the circulating
glucose levels at around 70-110mg/dL
Liver
64
has a renal threshold for glucose at 170-180 mg/dL
Kidneys
65
Elevated fasting blood glucose caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of glucose
Diabetes Mellitus
66
increased urine output
Polyuria
67
excessive thirst as a compensation for polyuria
Polydypsia
68
excessive appetite because of the failure of glucose to enter the peripheral tissues
Polyphagia
69
Glucose concentration exceed the renal threshold for glucose
Glucosuria
70
what is the Diagnostic Value of Fasting Blood Glucose
>126 mg/dL
71
what is the Diagnostic Value of Random Blood Glucose
> 200 mg/dL+ primary symptoms of DM
72
what is the diagnostic value of 2 hour plasma glucose
>200 mg/dl during the OGTT
73
What is the Diagnostic Value of HbA1c
>6.5%
74
Type I DM is also known as?
Juevenile-Onset DM
Insulin Dependent DM
75
Type II DM is also known as
Adult-Onset DM
Non-insulin dependent DM
76
A disease affecting the adrenal cortex causing excessive secretion of diabetogenic glucocorticoids.
Cushing Syndrome
77
A tumor affecting the chromocytes of adrenal medulla.
Pheochromocytoma
78
A disease characterized by excessive enlargement of the bones of the hands, feet skull due to overproduction of Growth hormones which elevates blood sugar.
Acromegaly
79
Glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy
Gestational Diabetes
80
what is the long term monitoring of glucose?
3 months
81
this should be tested at least twice a year to monitor long term glycemic control
Glycosylated Hemoglobin
82
Monitor glucose control over past 2-3 weeks
Fructosamine
83
Reference method for glucose
Hexokinase
84
Measures both alpha and beta glucose
Hexokinase
85
Reacts only with the B-D glucose
Glucose oxidase method
86
measure the rate of disappearance of oxygen using an oxygen electrode
Polarographic method
87
use a side reaction that consumes Hydrogen peroxide
Colorimetric method
88
it is specific only to beta glucose
Glucose oxidase
89
Alpha glucose is converted to beta glucose by the enzyme
Mutarotose
90
Source of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
91
Source of Glucose dehydrogenase
Bacillus cereus
92
Reducing substances contributes major interference which it falsely increases the value of glucose.
Folin Wu Method
93
most accurate Reduction-Oxidation test for glucose
Nelson-Somogyi Method
94
Neocuproine reagent
2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline hydrochloride
95
Modification of Folin Wu method for qualitative urine glucose
Benedict's Method
96
Uses the principle of Iodine reaction with cuprous byproduct and excess I2 is then titrated with Thiosulfate
Shaffer-Hartman Somogyi
97
First method adopted by Technicon Auto Analyzer
Hagedorn-Jensen Method
98
Condensation of amines
Dubowski method
99
Condensation of phenols
Anthrone's test
100
what is type 1 in glycogen-storage diseases
Von Gierke
101
what is type 2 in glycogen-storage disease
pompe
102
what is type 3 in glycogen-storage disease
Cori Forbes
103
what is type 4 in glycogen-storage disease
Andersen
104
what is type 5 in glycogen-storage disease
Mc Ardle
105
what is type 6 in glycogen-storage disease
Hers
106
what is type 7 in glycogen-storage disease
Tarui
107
what is type 11 in glycogen-storage disease
Fanconi-Bickel
108
It is also known as fats
lipid
109
it is non-polar organic solvents
soluble
110
it is a polar solvents
Insoluble
111
rich source of energy
Gluconeogenesis
112
Water-insoluble and is transported by?
lipoproteins
113
Water-insoluble and is transported by?
lipoproteins
114
integral part of the cellular membrane
phospholipids
115
it only has single bonds in the chain
saturated fatty acids
116
carbon-carbon double bonds in the chain
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
117
carbon-carbon double bonds in the chain
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
118
it has 12 carbon atoms in saturated fatty acids
lauric
119
it has 14 carbon atoms in saturated fatty acids
myristic
120
it has 16 carbon atoms in saturated fatty acids
palmitic
121
it has 18 carbon atoms in saturated fatty acids
stearic
122
it has 20 carbon atoms in saturated fatty acids
arachidic
123
it has 16 carbon atoms in unsaturated fatty acids
palmitoleic
124
what are those 3 who have 18 carbon atoms in unsaturated fatty acids
oleic, linoleic, linolenic
125
it has 20 carbon atoms in unsaturated fatty acids
arachidonic
126
it increases both bad and good cholesterol
Saturated Fatty Acid
127
Lowers bad cholesterol and increases good cholesterol
Unsaturated Fatty Acids or Cis
128
increases bad cholesterol and lower good cholesterol
Trans-Fat
129
it is high melting point
Saturated Fatty Acids
130
its source is animal oil
saturated fatty acids
131
solid in the room temperature
Saturated Fatty Acids
132
Low Melting Point
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
133
its source is plant oil
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
134
Liquid form in room temperature
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
135
Glucose is metabolized at room temperature at a rate of?
7 mg/dl/hour
136
At 4 degree Celsius, glucose decreased by approximately?
2 mg/dl/hour
137
Co-factor of Hexokinase
Magnesium
138
deficiency of insulin caused by an autoimmune attack on the beta cells of the pancreas
Type I DM
139
insulin resistance and dysfunctional beta cells
Type II DM
140
How many percent does Acetone have?
2%
141
How many percent does B-hydroxybutyrate?
78%
142
how many percent does acetoacetate have?
20%
143
what is the test for ketone
acetest
144
what is the test for bilirubin
ictotest
145
what is the test for bilirubin
ictotest
146
also known as neutral fat
triglycerides
147
what is the composition of triglycerides
3 water molecule and 1 glycerol
148
main storage form of lipid in man
adipose tissue
149
measurement of triglycerides
monitor the risk for heart disease
150
usually done as part of group
lipid profile
151
Hydrogen peroxide
trinder's reaction
152
NAD
Winartasaputra method
153
original reference method of triglycerides
Modified Van Handel Zilversmith
154
reagent in step 1a
Folch's reagent
155
reagent in step 1b
Salicic acid
156
reagent in step 2
Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide
157
reagent in step 3
Sodium periodate
158
reagent in step 4
sulfuric acid
159
what is step 1a
extraction
160
what is step 1b
adsorption
161
what is step 2
saponification
162
what is step 3
oxidation
163
what is step 4
colorimetry
164
remove the lipids from protein
extraction
165
remove non-triglyceride glycerol
adsorption
166
to cleave triglycerides molecules into fatty acids and glycerol
saponification
167
to convert glycerol to a measurable compound
oxidation
168
addition of color reagent
colorimetry
169
produces yellow compound
Hantzsch Condensation (Diacetyl Lutidine compound)
170
transport exogenous triglycerides
chylonicrons
171
transport endogenous triglycerides
VLDL
172
Contains 4-rings and single C-H chain
Cholesterol
173
Precursors of 5 major classes of steroid hormones
Cholesterol
174
percentage of cholesterol esters
70%
175
percentage of free cholesterol
30%
176
Composed of cholesterol ring and fatty acids
Cholesterol esters
177
LCAT
Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase
178
Unesterified cholesterol
Free cholesterol
179
Unesterified cholesterol
Free cholesterol
180
the end product of this is Green Cholestadienyl Monosulfonic acid
Liebermann-Burchard's Test
181
the end product of this is Red Cholestadienyl Disulfonic acid
Salkowski Test
182
reference method of cholesterol
Abell Levy and Brodie
183
It is measured at 500 nm in Enzymatic Method
quinoneimine dye
184
Serves as a surfactant
Phosphilipids
185
forms of phosphilipids
lecithin, sphingomyelin, cephalin
186
percentage of lecithin
70%
187
percentage of spingomyelin
20%
188
percentage of cephalin
10%
189
It accumulates in the liver and spleen of patients suffering
Niemann-pick disease
190
not derived from glycerol but from an amino acid alcohol
sphingosine
191
Deficiency in Glucocerebrosidase or Beta-glucosidase
Gaucher's Disease (Wrinkled Cytoplasm)
192
Deficiency in Sphingomyelinase
Niemann-Pick Disease (Foamy Cytoplasm)
193
Deficiency in Hexosaminidase A
Tay-Sachs disease (Vacuolated cytoplasm)
194
Deficiency in Hexosaminidase A and B
Sandoff disease (Vacuolated cytoplasm)
195
Deficiency in Hexosaminidase A and B
Sandoff disease (Vacuolated cytoplasm)
