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NBDE Part 1 > Biochem: Lipids > Flashcards

Biochem: Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated - no double bonds
Mono - one double bond
Poly - many double bonds

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2
Q

T/F: Prostaglandins are made from polyunsaturated fatty acids.

A

True

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3
Q

T/F: Triglycerides are an important part of the cell membrane.

A

False

Not in the cell membrane

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4
Q

Which membrane phospholipid is converted to arachidonic acid? By which enzyme?

A

Phosphatidyl inositol via phospholipase A2 (PLA2)

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5
Q

What types of lipids are derived from arachidonic acid?

A

Eicosanoids (leukotrienes, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, etc.)

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6
Q

________ inhibit PLA2 and therefor the release of arachidonic acid.

A

Corticosteroids

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7
Q

__________ are found in nerve cell membranes and are an important part of the myelin sheath.

A

Sphingomyelins

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8
Q

An excess accumulation of sphingomyelins causes what disease?

A

Niemann-Pick disease

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9
Q

________ is the precursor to adrenal cortex hormones (salt, sugar, sex).

A

Cholesterol

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10
Q

Which enzyme will convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and prostacyclins (proinflammatory)?

A

COX enzyme

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11
Q

Which enzyme will convert arachidonic acid into leukotrienes?

A

LOX

*allergic reactions and asthma

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12
Q

What are the four essential fatty acids?

A 
Linolenic acid (omega 3)
Linoleic (omega 6)
Oleic acid (omega 9)
Arachidonic acid
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13
Q

T/F: LInoleic acid is proinflammatory and polyunsaturated.

A

True

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14
Q

________ is released by the pancreas into the duodenum to break down emulsified triglycerides.

A

Pancreatic lipase

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15
Q

What is the primary result of pancreatic lipase digestion?

A

Mixed micelle

Biles salts, free FAs, and monosaccharides

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16
Q

T/F: HDL levels should be higher than 100.

A

False

HDL > 50
LDL < 100

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17
Q

What should triglyceride levels stay lower than?

A

150

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18
Q

T/F: Total cholesterol should stay under 200.

A

True

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19
Q

How is LDL transported into target tissue?

A

Cell receptor-mediated endocytosis

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20
Q

________ deficiency can cause abnormal fat metabolism and can lead to fatty liver disease and hepatic cirrhosis.

A

Choline

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21
Q

Why is HDL beneficial?

A

It takes cholesterol from tissues back to the liver

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22
Q

Xanthelasma is yellow deposit of cholesterol under the skin. What is the number one cause of this?

A

Aging

Not high cholesterol

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23
Q

What are the three ultimate outputs of beta oxidation?

Study These Flashcards
A

NADH, FADH, Acetyl-CoA

24
Q

_______ is the breakdown of fatty acids.

Study These Flashcards
A

beta oxidation

25
Beta oxidation is in the mitochondrial matrix. How do fatty acids enter the mitochondrial matrix?
Carnitine-mediated enzyme shuttle
26
Which ketone body would result in a fruity breath?
Acetone (not used as energy)
27
What are the three types of ketone bodies?
1. Acetoacetate 2. Beta-hydroxybutyrate 3. Acetone
28
Where in the cell does fatty acid synthesis occur?
Cytosol
29
How does acetyl-CoA get to the cytosol for fatty acid synthesis?
Citrate-malate shuttle
30
T/F: Omega 3s (lenolenic acids) are anti-inflammatory.
True Includes EPA and DHA
31
How many calories per gram do you get for the three macromolecules?
Proteins - 4 Carbs - 4 Lipids - 9
32
Which of the vitamins are fat soluble?
DEAK
33
Which fat soluble vitamin is the most toxic?
Vitamin D DANGEROUS
34
Where is the active form of vitamin D produced?
Kidneys
35
Deficiency in vitamin D will lead to which two diseases?
Ricketts in children Osteomalacia in adults
36
Excess vitamin D can lead to sarcoidosis. Who is most likely to get this disease?
Middle aged African American females
37
What are the main vitamins and minerals that make up antioxidants?
ACE + zinc + glutathione E is a big one
38
What is the precursor for vitamin A?
Beta CAROTene
39
T/F: Vitamin A plays a large role in enamel formation.
True Also eyes, and epithelium
40
Warfarin is an antagonist of which vitamin?
Vitamin K Vitamin K induces clotting
41
Deficiency of which vitamin is seen often in alcoholics?
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) and B12
42
A deficiency in vitamin B1 (thiamine) can lead to which disease?
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and Beriberi
43
Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb vitamin B12. What cells release intrinsic factor?
Parietal cells in stomach
44
Which disorder is caused by decreased intrinsic factor leading to B12 deficiency?
Pernicious anemia very common
45
Which vitamin is a coenzyme for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine (collagen synthesis)?
Vitamin C
46
What is the number one vitamin deficiency in the U.S.?
Folic acid
47
What is the function of folic acid?
Synthesis of purines and thymidine
48
Why would a pregnant woman take folic acid supplements?
Prevent spina bifida
49
Megaloblastic anemia involves deficiency in which vitamin?
Folic acid
50
Which disease involves large accumulations of copper?
Wilson's disease (Hepatolenticular degeneration)
51
Which mineral inhibits bacterial enolase?
fluoride
52
Which mineral is critical for thyroid function?
Iodine Deficiency = cretinism (kids) or myxedema (adults)
53
T/F: Hyperthyroidism will result in low T3.
False High T3 and T4, low TSH
54
A deficiency in iron will cause what type of anemia?
Microcytic
55
T/F: Iron must be in its reduced (ferrous) state to be used in hemoglobin.
True
56
T/F: Zinc is required for DNA synthesis.
True
57
______ is a cofactor for producing carbonic anhydrase.
Zinc *carbonic anhydrase produces bicarbonate

NBDE Part 1 (31 decks)

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