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NBDE Part 1 > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is commensalism?

A

A type of symbiosis where one organism benefits, but the other is neither helped nor harmed

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2
Q

What is the difference between an abscess and a granuloma?

A

Abscess: acute inflammatory lesion of pus
Granuloma: chronic inflammatory lesion full of fibrosis, angiogenesis, and inflammatory cells

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3
Q

Which microorginisms most commonly cause sepsis?

A

Bacteria only!

Staph. aureus, Klebsiella sp., and E. coli

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4
Q

Cysts are filled with _______.

A

fluid or air

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5
Q

All bacteria except _________ contain a plasma membrane surrounded by a __________ cell wall.

A

Mycoplasma; peptidoglycan

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6
Q

What surrounds the cell wall in bacteria?

A

polysaccharide capsule

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7
Q

Which bacteria has a protein containing D-glutamate capsule instead of a polysaccharide capsule?

A

Bacillus anthracis

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8
Q

What are the three ways bacteria exchange genetic information?

A

Transformation: uptake from environment
Conjugation: sex with plasmid
Transduction: viral

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9
Q

What enzymes allow for evasion of host defenses?

A

Coagulase: promotes clot
IgA protease: Strep. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Neisseria sp.
Leukocidins: destroy PMNs and macrophages

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10
Q

What virulence factor destroys plasma membranes and causes gangrene?

A

Lecithinase

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11
Q

What three virulence factors cause Beta-hemolysis?

A

Streptolysin O
Streptolysin S
Pneumolysin

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12
Q

__________ are found within the cell wall and are only associated with gram - bacteria and listeria.

A

Endotoxins

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13
Q

T/F: LPS is an example of an endotoxin.

A

True

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14
Q

Enterotoxins are an example of ________ that affect intestinal endothelial cells.

A

exotoxins

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15
Q

List the exotoxins which are classified as ADP-ribosylation and increase adenylate cyclase activity.

A

Cholera (V. cholerae)
Pertussis (B. pertussis)
Anthrax - edema factor (B. anthracis)
Heat-labile toxin (E. coli)

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16
Q

T/F: The Diphtheria toxin increases adenylate cyclase activity.

A

False

Inhibits protein synthesis

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17
Q

Which bacteria utilize superantigens?

A

Staph. aureus - TSST

Strep. pyogenes - erythrogenic toxin

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18
Q

Clostridium tetani and clostridium botulinum both utilize protease exotoxins which function as _________.

A

neurotoxins

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19
Q

What type of exotoxin is the anthrax lethal factor?

A

Protease - cleaves phosphokinase

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20
Q

What are the three modes of action for endotoxins?

A
  1. Activate macrophages
  2. Activates compliment
  3. Activates hageman factor
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21
Q

Bacilla are _____ shaped bacteria.

A

rod

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22
Q

Cocci are ______ shaped bacteria.

23
Q

Which bacteria have a flexible thin cell wall?

24
Q

Which two bacteria are known to be obligate intracellular bacteria?

Study These Flashcards
A

Rickettsia and Chlamydia

25
T/F: Mycobacteria have no cell wall.
FALSE Mycoplasma: no cell wall Mycobacteria: acid-fast extracellular bacteria
26
What are the cocci shaped gram - and gram + bacteria?
Gram - : Neisseria Gram + : Strep, Staph
27
What do Bacillus and Clostridium species have in common?
Spore forming, gram + bacilli
28
What do Actinomyces, Listeria, and Corynebacterium have in common?
Non-spore forming, gram + bacilli
29
_________ is an aerobic, gram - bacilli.
Pseudomonas
30
What is an anaerobic gram - bacilli?
Bacteroides
31
What do Escherichia, Salmonella, and Helicobacter species all have in common?
Facultative gram - bacilli
32
What are the cell wall characteristics of a gram + bacteria?
Stains purple Thick (+ size) Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) No endotoxin
33
What do obligate anaerobic bacteria lack that does not allow them to grow in oxygenated environments?
Superoxide dismutase and/or catalase
34
Streptococci grow in _______, while staphylococci grow in _______.
pairs/chain; grapelike clusters
35
Which streptococci are part of the normal flora of the mouth?
Viridans group: S. mutans and S. sanguis
36
Which strep can cause meningitis, otitis media, pneumonia, and sinusitis?
S. pneumoniae
37
T/F: S. pyogenes expresses alpha hemolysis.
False Beta
38
T/F: Enterococci express gamma hemolysis.
True
39
What are the major virulence factors of Staph. aureus?
Protein A, beta-lactamase, enterotoxin Causes abscess, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning, MRSA, endocarditis, osteomyelitis
40
Which staph causes UTIs?
S. saprophyticus
41
What do Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Clostridium species all have in common?
Gram + spore-forming bacteria
42
T/F: Actinomyces israelii is a gram + spore forming bacteria.
False Gram + non-spore-forming Has sulfur granules and is part of normal oral flora
43
What do E. coli, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Vibrio cholerae, and H. pylori all have in common?
Gram - enteric bacilli
44
Which bacteria causes pink eye?
Haemophilus aegyptius
45
T/F: Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes true pneumoniae.
False Walking pneumonia
46
What are the three stages of the disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi?
Lyme disease 1. Erythema migrains (bulls eye) 2. Neuropathies (Bell's palsy) 3. Arthritis and CNS disease
47
Which organism is found most commonly on the surface of the tongue?
Strep. salivarius
48
What is the dominant bacterial species of supragingival plaque?
Gram + facultative cocci Subgingival = gram - anaerobic bacilli and spirochetes
49
What is the epitactic concept?
Seeding agents (protein-carb complexes or bacteria) induce mineralization of calculus
50
Caraiogenic bacteria synthesize ________ and _______ from their metabolism of dietary ________.
glucans (dextrans) and fructans (levans); sucrose
51
Critical pH for for enamel is ____.
5.5
52
Gingivitis associated with sex steroid fluctuations is associated with elevated levels of which bacteria?
Prevotella intermedia
53
Which bacteria is often seen to be elevated in aggressive periodontitis?
A. a. and P. gingivalis
54
Elevated proportions of spirochetes in the mouth is associated with _____.
NUG/NUP

NBDE Part 1 (31 decks)

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