General Histology Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
An ____________ is a specialized group of microtubules found in cilia and flagella arranged in a 9+2 pattern.
A
Axoneme
2
Q
____________ are required for the development of cilia and are derived from centrioles.
A
Basal bodies
3
Q
The presence of _____________ by the 8th week can determine that the sex of an embryo is female.
A
Barr bodies
4
Q
_________ are unusually long microvilli that are only found in the epididymis and inner ear.
A
Stereocilia
5
Q
Protein and RNA synthesis occur in all cell cycle phases except _________.
A
Mitosis
6
Q
What are the steps of the interphase of a cell?
A
G1 -> S (DNA synthesis) -> G2
7
Q
What are the phases of mitosis?
A
Prophase -> metaphase -> anaphase -> telophase
8
Q
A _________ is a beltlike junction that completely seals off intercellular space.
A
Tight junction (zonula occludens)
9
Q
A __________ is a beltlike junction that leaves a small intercellular space between cells.
A
intermediate junction (zonula adherens)
10
Q
A ________ provides localized adhesion between adjacent cells.
A
desmosome (macula adherens)
11
Q
What type of adhesion is seen in the epithelium of oral mucosa?
A
Hemidesmosome
12
Q
_________ enable the passage of fluids, ions and small molecules between cells.
A
Gap junctions
13
Q
What is a pemphigus or pemphigoid?
A
Pemphigus - autoimmunity agains desmosomes
Pemphigoid - autoimmunity against hemidesmosomes
14
Q
Where is the thinnest epithelium in the oral cavity?
A
Sublingual mucosa
15
Q
What are the three layers of the basement membrane?
A
From epithelium -> CT
- Lamina lucida
- Lamina densa (basal lamina) - Type IV collagen
- Reticular lamina - type III collagen
16
Q
Most CT originates from the ___________.
A
mesoderm
*some in head/neck from neural crest ectoderm
17
Q
Where is regular dense CT found?
A
Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
18
Q
What is the most common cells in CT?
A
Fibroblasts
19
Q
_________ secrete through ducts. _________ secrete into the blood.
A
Exocrine; endocrine
20
Q
Hormones are secreted through _________ glands.
A
endocrine
21
Q
________ secretions are watery. ________ secretions are viscous.
A
Serous; mucous
22
Q
T/F: Serous glands (parotid) have well-developed intercalated and striated ducts that modify their serous secretions.
A
True
Mucous glands do not
23
Q
What gives the striated appearance of the striated ducts in glands?
A
Many elongated mitochondria
24
Q
In salivary glands, the intercalated duct is lined with ________ epithelium. The terminal excretory duct is lined with ______ epithelium.
A
simple cuboidal; pseudostratified columnar
25
T/F: Cartilage is avascular.
True
Blood supply from perichondrium
26
Cartilage is composed of __________ residing in a lacunae.
chondrocytes
27
What type of collagen is in the cartilage matrix?
Type II
28
Perichondrium covers all cartilage except...
Fibrocartilage, articular cartilage of joints, and nasal/costal cartilage
29
T/F: The perichondrium consists of an inner fibrous layer and outer cellular layer.
False
Inner cellular and outer fibrous
30
What is the difference between interstitial and appositional growth?
Interstitial - cartilage forms within existing cartilage
Appositional - new cartilage forms on surface (must have perichondrium)
31
________ makes up the articular disc of the TMJ.
Fibrocartilage
32
________ is the precursor for bone in endochondral bone formation.
Hyaline cartilage
33
Osteoid, uncalcified bone matrix, is composed of _________.
type I collagen and ground substance
34
_________ are the vascular tunnels within bone keeping osteocytes properly nourished.
Canaliculi
35
An increase in which enzyme in osteoblasts and matrix vesicles pushes the mineralization of bone?
Alkaline phosphatase
36
Flat bones of skull, maxilla, mandibular body, and clavicle are all formed through __________.
intramembranous ossification
37
Long bones, vertebrae, and the mandibular condyles are formed through ___________.
endochondral ossification
38
T/F: Appositional growth only occurs in endochondral bone.
False
Appositional - both
Interstitial - only endochondral
39
In cortical (compact) bone, Haversian systems (osteons) are connected by ____________.
Volkmann's canals
40
In ___________ bone, lamellae are arranged in thin spicules called trabeculae.
cancellous (spongy)
41
_________ contains fat cells and is the primary marrow type in the mandible and maxilla.
Yellow marrow
42
_________ is found in the mandibular ramus and condyles. It contains hematopoietic cells.
Red marrow
43
Osteoclasts reside in resorption bays known as ___________.
Howship's lacunae
44
____________ stimulates osteoclastic bone resorption.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
45
__________ decreases blood calcium leading to less osteoclastic activity.
Calcitonin
46
________ joints are immovable. _________ joints are fully movable joints.
Synarthrosis; diarthrosis
47
The articular cartilage of synovial joints is typically a layer of hyaline cartilage except for which two examples....
Knee and TMJ - fibrocartilage
48
The ________ produces synovial fluid.
synovial membrane
49
T/F: Neurons are actively dividing.
False
Do not divide
50
T/F: CNS nervous tissue is derived from neural tube ectoderm.
True
CNS - neural tube ectoderm
PNS - neural crest ectoderm
51
T/F: Dendrites conduct info to the cell body, axons conduct info away from the cell body.
True
52
What cells are the building blocks for the BBB, regulate vasoconstriction/dilation and communicate via gap junctions using calcium?
Astrocytes
53
________ secrete CSF.
Choroidal cells
54
T/F: There is only one neuron per Schwann cell.
True
55
T/F: Chemical signals are conducted through gap junctions.
False
Electrical signals
56
T/F: C fibers are myelinated.
False
57
What is contained in the serum of blood?
Water, albumin, globulins
Not fibrinogen or clotting factors
58
What is the hematocrit?
The percentage of erythrocytes in blood
Males - 45%
Females - 40%
59
Platelets are derived from what cells?
Megakaryocytes
60
How is the amount of erythrocytes destroyed per day calculated?
Amount of bile pigment excreted by the liver
61
Where in the circulation does the greatest drop in blood pressure occur?
Transition from arteries to arterioles
62
In larger arteries there are more ________ fibers, while in smaller arteries there are more _________ fibers.
elastic; smooth muscle
63
The ___________ is the innermost layer of blood vessels.
tunica intima
composed of endothelium (simple squamous)
64
Which white blood cell does not share a precursor cell?
Macrophage
Monocyte until it leaves the blood
65
The ________ is composed of both smooth muscle and elastic fibers. It is much thicker in arteries.
tunica media
66
The ________ is the outermost layer and is much thicker in veins.
tunica adventitia
67
The _______ is the thickest portion of the heart and contains cardiac muscle.
myocardium
68
Which arteries would be categorized as elastic and would contain a vasa vasora?
BIG arteries (aorta, pulmonary arteries and branches)
69
The _________ directly affect arterial blood pressure.
arterioles
70
T/F: Bradycardia describes a high HR (above 100 BPM).
False
Tachycardia - over 100 bpm
Bradycardia - under 60 bpm
71
T/F: Lymph is pumped through its vessels.
False
72
T/F: The majority of the bodies lymph is drained through the right subclavian vein.
False
Thoracic duct at left subclavian vein
73
Which lymphatic nodules are nonencapsulated and subepithelial?
Pharyngeal tonsils and Peyer's patches
74
Where are B cells and T cells distributed in the lymph nodes?
B cells in the outer cortex and inner medulla
T cells in the paracortex
75
B cells mature in _________.
bone marrow
76
T cells mature in the _________.
thymus
77
T/F: The spleen develops from the primitive gut.
False
Mesenchymal cells from primitive stomach
78
T/F: In the spleen, the white pulp contains B cells and the PALS (has T cells).
True
79
What is contained in the red pulp of the spleen?
Erythrocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes
80
The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus via the _________.
infundibulum
81
What provides blood to the pituitary gland?
Inferior and superior hypophyseal arteries (via ICA)
82
T/F: ADH and oxytocin are produced in the posterior pituitary.
False
Produced in hypothalamus, stored in post pituitary
83
What are the effects of PTH?
Increase in blood Ca+, bone resorption
84
The ________ regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
pineal gland
85
What is the acronym for the zones of the adrenal cortex?
GFR
G(lomerulosa) - salt
F(asiculata) - sugar
R(eticularis) - sex
86
The alveolar ducts and sacs contain __________ epithelium, while the alveolar septa have __________ epithelium.
simple cuboidal; simple squamous
87
The terminal bronchioles have __________ epithelium.
simple columnar
88
T/F: Type II cells cover the majority of the alveolar surface and produce surfactant.
False
Do produce surfactant but cover much less than Type I
89
T/F: The esophagus is innervated by CN X.
True
90
_______ cells secrete pepsinogen in the stomach.
Chief
91
_______ cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor in the stomach.
Parietal cells
92
__________ cells secrete gastrin in the stomach.
Enteroendocrine (G) cells
93
The stomach and small intestine are lined with __________ epithelium.
simple columnar
94
Where is the Myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus located?
Muscularis externa of small intestine
95
T/F: Submucosal glands of Brunner are only found in the duodenum.
True
96
T/F: Peyer's patches are only found in the ileum.
True
97
How is the large intestine innervated?
CN X to ascending and transverse colon
Pelvic splanchnic nerve to descending and sigmoid colon
98
The portal triad consists of _________.
hepatic artery, portal vein, bile duct
99
T/F: Hepatocytes are often bi-nucleate (tetraploid).
True
100
_______ are adipocytes in the space of Disse. They store vitamin A in the liver.
Ito cells
101
Elevated serum bilirubin results in _________.
jaundice
102
Bile is transported from the liver to the gall bladder via _________ and from the liver to the duodenum via _________.
cystic duct; common bile duct
103
T/F: In the biliary tree, both blood and bile move from central vein -> portal canal.
False
Blood moves opposite
104
T/F: An increase in CCK, secretin, or gastrin will increase biliary flow.
True
105
T/F: In the kidneys, pyramids are found in the cortex.
False
Medulla
106
What kidney components are found in the cortex?
Glomerulus and bowman's capsule; proximal and distal tubules
107
The __________ is a thick connective tissue capsule that covers the testis.
tunica albuginea
108
T/F: Seminiferous tubules are the sites of spermatogenesis.
True
109
Where is sperm stored?
epididymis
110
T/F: Sertoli cells produce testosterone.
False
Leydig - testosterone
Sertoli - testicular fluid
111
What are the four components of the spermatic cord?
1. Ductus (vas) deferens
2. Testicular artery and veins
3. Lymph vessels
4. Autonomic nerves
112
What is the route of sperm?
seminiferous tubules -> rete testis -> efferent ductules -> ductus epididymis -> vas deferens -> ejaculatory duct
113
The two dorsal sections of erectile tissue are called ________.
corpora cavernosa
114
The ventral section of the penis with the urethra is termed _______.
corpus spongiosum
115
The _________ is the longest section of the fallopian tubes (oviducts) and is the site of fertilization.
ampulla
116
T/F: The endometrium of the cervix is shed during menstruation.
False
Just of uterus
117
T/F: Milk is produced by both merocrine and apocrine secretion.
True
118
T/F: Lactation is under the control of the pituitary and hypothalamus.
True
119
What is the pneumonic for epidermal layers?
Inner->outer
Bad Sprinters Get Leg Cramps
Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Comeum
120
The basement membrane connects the epidermis and dermis of the skin via _________.
hemidesmosomes
121
What is the function of Langerhans and Merkel cells?
Langerhans - antigen-presenting
| Merkel - touch
122
_________ detect stretch and heat on the skin.
Ruffini endings
123
_________ detect pressure and vibration.
Pacinian corpuscles
124
_________ detect light touch on the skin.
Meissner's corpuscles
125
T/F: Apocrine glands produce sweat and are found in the entire body.
False
Odorless secretion, only in axilla, nipple, genitalia, etc.
Sympathetic
126
_________ is the watery fluid within the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye.
Aqueous humor
127
________ is the transparent watery gel within the vitreous chamber.
Vitreous humor
128
T/F: The cornea is the outermost part of the eye.
True
129
Which part of the eye gives the white color?
Sclera
130
The _______ of the eye contains smooth muscle and does lens accommodation.
ciliary body
131
The _____ of the eye contains smooth muscle for pupil dilation.
Iris
Also gives the eye its color
132
T/F: Rods are sensitive to light, cones are sensitive to color.
True
133
The ______ is in the very center of the macula lutea and has the sharpest vision.
fovea
