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Medicine Sem 2 > COM 1 Cytology week 5 > Flashcards

COM 1 Cytology week 5 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

What does the retina develop from

A

Optic cup

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2
Q

Name the 2 layers of the retina

A

-Outer pigmented layer
-Inner Neural layer

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3
Q

Explain the sructure of the retina pigmented layer of the retina:
-What cells it made out of
-What it contains

A
  • Made of cuboidal pr columnar cells
    -It contains , gap junctions, secondary lysosomes, peroxisomes smooth ER , phagocytic vacuoles
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4
Q

What are the functions of the retina pigmented layer ( outer layer)

A
  • Absorb light
    -Froms blood retina barrier
    -Involved in phagocytosis
    -Secretes ATP, growth factors
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5
Q

What is the structure of the Neural retina layer

A
  • Contains nine distinct layers, including neuronal and glial cells
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6
Q

What does the Outer nuclear layer of the neural retina contain

A
  • Photoreceptor cell bodies
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7
Q

What does the Inner nuclear layer of the neural retina layer contains

A
  • Contains the nuclei of bipolar, amacrine and horizontal cells
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8
Q

What does the Ganglionic layer of the neural retina contain

A
  • Ganglion cells
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9
Q

Between the first 3 layers of the neural retina Name the 2 plexiform layers

A
  • Outer plexiform layer
    -Inner plexiform layer
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10
Q

What does the outer plexiform layer in the neural retina layer contain

A
  • Contains axons from photoreceptors and dendrotes
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11
Q

What does the inner plexiform layer in the neural retina contain

A
  • Contains axons and dendrites
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12
Q

What are Muller cells

A

They are elongated glial cells that support renal function

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13
Q

What are the functions of Muller cells

A

-Remove waste
-regulate ion/water balance
-help maintain the blood retina barrier

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14
Q

What do Muller cells form

A

They from the Outer Limiting Layer (OLL) and the Inner Limiting Membrane ( ILM)

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15
Q

Why can conditions like head trauma cause the pigmented epithelium and photoreceptor layer of the retina to seperate ?
+ What does this seperation cause

A
  • As the pigmenetd epithelium and photoreceptor layers are not firmly joined
  • They create intervening space
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16
Q

What are the consequences of Retinal Detachment

A
  • Causes the photoreceptor cells to loose access to the metabolic support provided by the pigmented epithelium,
    -This leads to the photoreceptors eventually dying
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17
Q

What are rod cells highly sensitive to + what does this allow

A

Highly sensitive to light. , allowing vision in low light

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18
Q

Explain the structure of rod cells

A

They are thin and elongated with 2 segments :
-An outer photosensitive segment and an inner segment for biosynthetic activity

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19
Q

What are the discs in rod cells formed by

A

In-folding of the plasma membrane

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20
Q

What do cone cells produce

A
  • They produce color vision in adequtely bright lights
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21
Q

Which one is more sensitive rods or cones

A

Cone cells

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22
Q

Explain the difference between the 3dierent types of cones

A

-They each have different iodospin pigment sensitive to red blue or green avelenghts

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23
Q

How is Partial colour blindness caused

A

It is inherited due to mutations in the iodopsin genes

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24
Q

What type of partial colour blindness is the most common

A

Red green colour blindness

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25
Why do partial colour blindness affect men more than women
Bcs the gene for cone colour sensitivity are on the x CHROMOSOME
26
WHAT Does the outer segment of Rod cells contain
Stacked membranous discs with rhodopsin
27
Name the 4 specialised areas of the retina
- Optic disc -Fovea Centralis -Macula lutea -Nonvisual photoreceptors
28
What is the optic disc also known as
Blind spot
29
Where is the optic disc located
At the posterior of the retina
30
What does the optic disc lack
Photoreceptors and most retinal layers
31
What is the Fovea Centralis
A specialised retinal area located near the optic disc
32
What does the Fovea Centralis contain + describe its light scatter
Cone cells -It has minimal ight scatter
33
What are Nonvisual photoreceptors + function
A subset of ganglion cells in the retina -They detect changes in light
34
What is Age related Macular Degeneration characterised by
Degenerative changes in the retina , including depigmentation
35
How can age related muscular degeneration be slowed down
By laser surgery to destroy the abnormal retinal capillaries
36
What does age related muscular degeneration cause
Vision loss in the center of the visual field
37
Why does Macula Lutea have a yellow colour
BCS it contains carotenoids
38
What are the membranes of rods and cone cells packed with
- Visual pigments
39
What do visual pigment consist of
A protein(Oisin) and light sensistive chromosphere
40
Explain what causes bleaching
Light induced change in retinal causes the chromosphere t disociate
41
What is conjunctivitis(Pink eye) + what is it caused by
Inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by bacterial / viral infections or allergies.
42
Whatdoes conjunctivitis (pink eye) cause
Mucus discharge and causes a red app
43
Whatdoes conjunctivitis (pink eye) cause
Mucus discharge and causes a red Apperance in the sclera
44
What are styes
Infections near the tarsal gland ducts which lead to painful swelling
45
What does tear fluid contain
Electrolytes, proteins, lysozyme and innate immune protein
46
Name the parts of the ear
- The external ear -The middle ear -The internal ear
47
What is the fucntion of the external ear
Recieves sound waves
48
What is the function of the middle ear
Trasnmists sound from air to fluid in the internal ear
49
What is the function of the internal ear
Transduces fluid movements into nerve impulses
50
In the External ear , what is the Auricle
A funnel shaped cartilage that directs sound waves
51
In the external ear what does sound travel through
- Sound travels through the exeternal acoustic meatus
52
In the external ear what produces earwax
- Ceruminous gland
53
What is the tympanic membrane also known as
Ear drum
54
What is the function of the tympanic membrane
- It vibrates in response to sound waves and transmits energy to the middle ear
55
Where is the Olfactory epithelium located
Roof of the nasal cavity
56
What is the structure of the olfactory epithelium
pseudostratifed
57
Name the major cells types that the olfactory epithelium contaiins
- Olfactory neurons -Supporting cells -Basal cells
58
Explain the structure of the olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium
- They are bipolar with dendrites
59
Explain the sturtcure of the supporting cells in the olfacotry epithelium
- Columnar with micorvili
60
Explain the structure of the the basal cells in the olfactory epithelium
- Stem cells that generate olfactory neurons and supporting cells
61
What is the tounge made out of + function
- Made out of striated muscle covered by mucosa, used for manipulating food during chewing and swallowing
62
Name the 3 different papillae in the tounge
- Filifom papillae -Fungiform papillae -Foliate papillae
63
Explain the difference/structure between the 3 differnt papillae in the tounge
Filiform papillae- Numerous, keratinzed, rough texture for food movement Fungiform- less numerous, slightly keratinsed, vascularised -Foliate papillar, has paplpable ridges on each side of the tounge
64
explain the characteristic of vallate papillae + what is it surrounded by
Larges papillae on the tounge -Surrounded by moat like groove
65
Where are tastebuds located
Within stratified epithelium
66
Where are tastebuds not located
filiform papillae
67
What is the structure of taste buds
-ovoid shaoed and contains: -50 to 100 cells that are gustatory cells, stem cells and supporting cells
68
What is the function of tastebuds
They detect general chemical composition of foood

Medicine Sem 2 (37 decks)

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