BioCog 4A hearing and somatosensation Flashcards
(42 cards)
1
Q
what are sounds?
A
- air pressure
- compressed or rarified air
2
Q
pitch
A
= frequency
3
Q
timbre
A
= complexity of the wave
4
Q
loudness
A
= amplitude
5
Q
analytic organ
A
- the ear
- we can hear individual frequencies
6
Q
synthetic organ
A
- the eye
- we can only see the whole
7
Q
external ear
A
- pinna = ear shell
- external auditory channel
8
Q
middle ear
A
- tympanic membrane = eardrum
- tympanic cavity
- auditory ossicles
(- round and oval window)
9
Q
internal ear
A
(- round and oval window)
- cochlea = snail house
10
Q
8th cranial nerve
A
= ear nerve
11
Q
outer hair cells
A
- only for amplification
12
Q
inner hair cells
A
- for actual hearing
- cilia
- located in organ of corti
13
Q
cilia
A
- ordered by size
- connected by tip links
14
Q
tip links
A
- bending leads to hyper- or depolarisation
15
Q
high and middle tone coding
A
- place coding
16
Q
low tones
A
- rate coding
- loudness by number of neurons
17
Q
left right location
A
- by disparity of the ears
18
Q
frequency-tonotopic map
A
- frequencies in the ear correspond to frequency representation in the brain
19
Q
high, low, front and behind location
A
- by timbre
- changes due to shape of pinna
20
Q
cochlea nucleus
A
- first after cranial nerve
- leads to superior olivary complex
21
Q
superior olivary complex
A
- after cochlea nucleus
- leads to inferior colliculus
22
Q
MGN
A
- medial geniculate nucleus
- after superior olivary complex
- leads to primary auditory cortex
23
Q
primary auditory cortex
A
- gets signals from MGN
24
Q
what
A
- ventral stream
- auditory cortex
- inferior frontal gyrus
25
where
- dorsal stream
- superior parietal cortex
- superior frontal gyrus
26
variants of somatosensation
- touch
- nociception = pain
- temperature
- organs (not aware all the time)
- propriocetpin = stretching of skin (not aware all the time)
27
Merkel's disks
- press on skin
28
Meissner and Ruffini corpuscle
- low frequency vibrations
29
open nerve endings
- pain
| - temperature
30
Pacinian corpuscles
- high frequency vibrations
31
transduction in Paccinian corpuscles
- opening of displacement rings
(- only reacts to changes)
- opening of Na+ channels
32
intensity coding
- firing rate
33
receptive fields
- the smaller the higher the resolution
34
second-order neurons
- combine signals from receptor neurons (of receptive fields)
35
dermatome
- part of skin connected to one spinal nerve
| - 31
36
spino-thalamic tract
- nociception and temperature
- withdrawal response before cogntion
- leads to medial lemniscus
37
medial lemniscus
- merges dorsal colums and spino-thalamic tract
| - leads to thalamus ventral posterior
38
dorsal column
- touch
| - leads to medial lemniscus
39
thalamus ventral posterior
- after medial lemniscus
| - leads to post centra gyrus
40
tissue damage and inflammation
- detected by signalling molecules
- triggers cleeaning of damaged cells and
- release of signaling chemicals
41
somatotopic map
- regions of body corresponding to regions in brain
42
humnuculus
- distorted human image of somatosensation
