BioCog 9A language cognitive Flashcards
1
Q
characteristics of language
A
- communicative
- arbitrary
- structured = grammatical
- dynamic = changing
- unlimited
2
Q
sentence level
A
- grammar adn other rules
3
Q
story level
A
- the story in our head
4
Q
universality of language
A
- every person can learn it
- same fundamental structure
- deaf children develop sign language
- development very similar across cultures
5
Q
phonemes
A
- smallest units
- no independent meaning
- different across languages
6
Q
allophones
A
- variations of one phoneme
7
Q
evidence for phonemes
A
- speaking erros
- preservation, anticipation, exchange
8
Q
0-6 months
A
- sensitive to all possible phonemes
9
Q
6-12 months
A
- increasing sensitivity to own language
10
Q
12 months
A
- start speaking and understanding own language
11
Q
24 months
A
- complete set of phonemes
12
Q
perceptual narrowing
A
= tuning
- by social interaction
- increasing
13
Q
sensitive perios
A
- 0 to 3 years
14
Q
synaptic pruning
A
- elimination of superfluous synaptic connections
15
Q
morphemes
A
- smallest units with meaning
16
Q
free morphemes
A
- have meaning on their own
17
Q
bound morphemes
A
- bind to free morphemes
- alter their meaning
18
Q
lexicon
A
- mental storage for all words we know
19
Q
lexicon capacity
A
- one when one year old
- 50.-60.000 in educated people
20
Q
phonemic restauration effect
A
- we can fill in a missing phoneme
21
Q
speech segmentation
A
- perception of words as single units
22
Q
word superiority effect
A
- we recognize letters quicker when they are in a word
23
Q
corpus
A
- large representative sample of words
24
Q
word frequency effect
A
- more frequent words are recognized quicker
25
lexical ambiguity
- one word has several meanings
- fast meaning slows down slow meaning
- not vice versa
26
semantics
- meaning
| - Wernickes
27
syntax
- grammar
| - Brocas
28
word chain grammar
- behaviourist approach
| - language learning by reinforcement
29
phrase structure grammar
- cognitive linguistic approach
- Chomsky
- generative
- innate grammar
30
Chomsky's arguments
- you can understand never encountered weird sentences
- no reinforcement is neede
- long distance dependecies
31
garden path sentences
- first imply a different meaning than they actually have
| - brain restructeres initial meaning only when proven wrong
32
syntax first approach
- parsing done by grammar alone
33
interactionist approach
- parsing by grammar and meaning
| - evidence by visual world paradigm
34
visual world paradigm
- ongoing understanding of displayed world
| - using syntac and semantics
35
anaphoric inference
- infering meaning of f.e. a pronoun
36
instrument inference
- infering an instrument
37
causal inference
- infering causes that are not stated
38
situation model
- mind creates a visual representation of every story
| - corresponds closely to implied content (-> orientation of the nail and the eagle)
39
Saphir-Whorf hypothesis
- WRONG
- language determines thought
- No, because language and thought are different realms
