Biodiveristy & Classification

Question 1

What defines a species?

Answer 1

Group of similar organisms

Question 2

What features do organisms in a species share?

Answer 2

Similar features / same genes / chromosomes

Question 3

What reproductive ability defines a species?

Answer 3

Reproduce to produce fertile offspring

Question 4

What does hierarchy mean?

Answer 4

Groups within groups

Question 5

What is true about group overlaps in a hierarchy?

Answer 5

No overlap between groups

Question 6

What is a phylogenetic group based on?

Answer 6

Evolutionary links/history/relationships

Question 7

What else defines a phylogenetic group?

Answer 7

Common ancestry

Question 8

How are organisms arranged in phylogenetic classification?

Answer 8

Hierarchy with no overlaps

Question 9

How else can you describe the groups in phylogenetics?

Answer 9

Smaller groups within larger groups with no overlaps

Question 10

What criteria is used to group organisms phylogenetically?

Answer 10

Evolutionary origins/relationships/history

Question 11

What is genetic diversity?

Answer 11

Difference in DNA/base sequence/alleles/genes

Question 12

Why is counting species alone a limited biodiversity measure?

Answer 12

Does not account for number of individuals or proportions

Question 13

What does an index of diversity measure besides species count?

Answer 13

Number of individuals and species proportions

Question 14

What is species richness?

Answer 14

Number of different species in a community

Question 15

What causes variation within a species?

Answer 15

Mutation

Question 16

What factors cause differential survival?

Answer 16

Predation, disease, competition

Question 17

Which individuals survive better?

Answer 17

Those with advantageous adaptations

Question 18

What happens to individuals that survive?

Answer 18

They reproduce and have more offspring

Question 19

What is passed on to offspring?

Answer 19

Advantageous alleles

Question 20

What changes in the population over time?

Answer 20

Allelic frequencies

Question 21

What DNA comparison can show species relationships?

Answer 21

DNA base sequence comparison

Question 22

What RNA comparison helps show relationships?

Answer 22

RNA base sequence comparison

Question 23

How else can proteins show relationships?

Answer 23

Compare amino acid sequences

Question 24

What is DNA hybridisation?

Answer 24

Separating DNA strands, mixing from different species, then measuring heat to separate hybrid strands

Question 25

What does a higher heat needed to separate hybrid DNA mean?

Answer 25

Closer evolutionary relationship

Question 26

How does immunological evidence work?

Answer 26

Inject protein into animal, get antibodies, add serum from other species, precipitate amount shows relationship

Question 27

Why do base sequences give more info than amino acid sequences?

Answer 27

More bases than amino acids

Question 28

How long are base sequences compared to amino acid sequences?

Answer 28

Base sequences are longer

Question 29

What DNA regions don’t code for amino acids?

Answer 29

Introns/non-coding DNA

Question 30

Why can different base triplets code for the same amino acid?

Answer 30

DNA code is degenerate

Question 31

What happens to allelic variety when diversity reduces?

Answer 31

Variety/number of different alleles decreases

Question 32

What is the founder effect?

Answer 32

Few individuals become isolated/form colonies

Question 33

What is a genetic bottleneck?

Answer 33

Significant population size fall

Question 34

How does selective breeding reduce diversity?

Answer 34

Using organisms with specific alleles/traits

Question 35

Which protein structure is used to investigate relationships?

Answer 35

Amino acid sequence / primary structure

Question 36

What does similarity in amino acid sequence indicate?

Answer 36

Closer evolutionary relationship

Question 37

What is protein structure related to?

Answer 37

DNA base/triplet sequence

Question 38

What happens to plant variety after forest clearing?

Answer 38

Decreases; fewer plant species

Question 39

How does plant loss affect habitats?

Answer 39

Fewer habitats/niches

Question 40

What happens to food variety?

Answer 40

Decreases; fewer food sources

Question 41

How else does forest clearing harm insects?

Answer 41

Killing insects by machinery or pesticides

Question 42

What is a genetic bottleneck event?

Answer 42

Sudden population decrease (e.g., earthquake)

Question 43

What effect does a bottleneck have on genes?

Answer 43

Reduced genetic variation and smaller gene pool

Question 44

Give an ethical reason to maintain biodiversity.

Answer 44

Prevent extinction/loss of populations/habitats

Question 45

Why save organisms for future generations?

Answer 45

Ethical responsibility

Question 46

Give an economic reason to maintain biodiversity.

Answer 46

Medical/pharmaceutical uses

Question 47

What other economic benefits exist?

Answer 47

Commercial products, tourism, agriculture, saving forest communities

Question 48

How does farming affect plant diversity?

Answer 48

Lowers diversity/fewer species/fewer plant layers

Question 49

What happens to food sources?

Answer 49

Few types/sources

Question 50

How does farming affect habitats?

Answer 50

Fewer habitats/niches

Question 51

What is the effect on herbivores and carnivores?

Answer 51

Fewer herbivores, fewer carnivores

Question 52

What farming practice harms insects?

Answer 52

Machinery, pesticides, or other impacts

Question 53

What does courtship behaviour help recognise?

Answer 53

Same species and mate/opposite sex

Question 54

What does courtship indicate?

Answer 54

Sexual maturity and fertility

Question 55

How does courtship help mating timing?

Answer 55

Synchronises mating

Question 56

What reproductive processes does courtship stimulate?

Answer 56

Release of gametes and forming pair bonds