bioenergetics - respiration and photosynthesis

Question 1

word equation for photosynthesis

Answer 1

carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

Question 2

balanced equation for photosynthesis

Answer 2

6 CO2 + 6 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Question 3

where does the energy for photosynthesis come from?

Answer 3

light

Question 4

what factors affect rate of photosynthesis? (4)

Answer 4

• temp
• CO2 concentration
• light intensity
• chlorophyll

Question 5

why will a rate of photosynthesis - light intensity graph level off?

Answer 5

other limiting factor that is not light (temp or CO2 concentration are now the limiting factor)

Question 6

why will a rate of photosynthesis -
CO2 concentration graph level off?

Answer 6

other limiting factor that is not CO2 concentration (temp or light intensity are now the limiting factor)

Question 7

why will a rate of photosynthesis -
temp graph go up then down instead of levelling off?

Answer 7

enxymes needed for photosynthesis denature

Question 8

equation for light intensity =

Answer 8

light intensity ∝ 1/ distance²

Question 9

what is a limiting factor?

Answer 9

environmental condition that restricts (limits) the rate of photosytheis?

Question 10

how can you increase food production in a greenhouse (8) ?

Answer 10

1. watering systems (regular supply of water)
2. hydroponics (controlled watering system, roots are grown in rock wool and mineral rich water)
   3.shading (controls light intensity and temp)
3. biological control (can use living organism to control pests
   5.humidifiers (reduces transpiration and need for watering)
4. parfin heaters (release CO2, control temp and humidity)
5. ventillation (control temp and humidity)
6. greenhouse itself (traps heat from sun, lets light through)

Question 11

what are the 5 uses of glucose in plants?

Answer 11

Respiration (energy)
Starch (storage)
Protien (amino acids )
Cellulose cell walls
Fats and lipids (storage)

Question 12

what are nitrate ions used for in plants?

Answer 12

combines with glucose to make amino acids which are then synthesized to become protiens

Question 13

where does aerobic respiration take place?

Answer 13

mitochondria

Question 14

where does anaerobic respiration take place?

Answer 14

cytoplasm

Question 15

what is aerobic respiration?

Answer 15

complete oxidation/ break down of glucose in the presence of oxygen

Question 16

what is anearobic respiration?

Answer 16

incomplete oxidation/ break down of glucose in the absence of oxygen

Question 17

what is respiration?

Answer 17

a chemical reaction performed in all living cells taking place all the time, process of transferring energy from glucose to supply energy needed for all living processes

Question 18

how much energy is release relatively for anerobic and aerobic respiration?

Answer 18

aerobic - 1 (lots of energy)
anaerobic - 1/17 (little energy)

Question 19

what is the equation for anerobic respiration in animals?

Answer 19

glucose -> lactic acid (+ energy)

Question 20

what is the equation for fermentation?

Answer 20

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
(+ energy)

Question 21

what is fermentation?

Answer 21

anaerobic respiration in micro-organisms eg yeast

Question 22

what are exothermic reactions + eg?

Answer 22

reactions which transfer energy to the environment eg respiration

Question 23

what do organisms need energy for?

Answer 23

1. to build up larger molecules from smaller ones eg synthesizing protiens from amino acids
2. allow the muscles to contract (movement)
3. mammals and birds > keep body temp constant in colder environments

Question 25

word equation for aerobic respiration

Answer 25

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide and water (+ energy)

Question 26

balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration

Answer 26

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Question 27

balaced symbol equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast and plant cells

Answer 27

C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2

Question 28

what can fermentation be used for?

Answer 28

making of beer and bread due to CO2 produced (makes it bubbly/rise) and ethanol (makes it alcoholic)

Question 29

effect of sport on heart rate and why (link to respiration)

Answer 29

increases > more oxygenated blood and glucose to respiring muscle cells > more respiration > more energy released for more muscle contractions

Question 30

effect of sport on breath rate and volume and why (link to respiration)

Answer 30

increases > more air into lungs > increase rate of oxygen into blood > more respiration > more energy released for more muscle contractions

Question 31

effect of sport on blood glucose level and why (link to respiration)

Answer 31

increases > increased supply of respiratory substrate > more respiration > more energy released for more muscle contractions

Question 32

what is an oxygen debt?

Answer 32

the extra amount of oxygen needed to break down lactic acid

Question 33

how does an oxygen debt and muscle fatigue happen (10 steps) ?

Answer 33

1. vigorous excercise 2. heart and lungs can't supply oxygen fast enough to satisfy demand 3. aerobic respiration will provide less and less energy 4. anaerobic respiration begins to provide energy 5. glucose is broken down into lactic acid 6. lactic acid accumulates in the muscle, causing fatigue 7. forced to stop excercise 8. lactic acid is transported from muscles to liver 9. in liver, lactic acid is oxidized into CO2 and H2O 10. oxygen debt is repayed

Question 34

define metabolism

Answer 34

all the chemical reactions in a cell or body

Question 35

what is energy transferred by respiration in cells used for?

Answer 35

the continual enzyme processes of metabolism that synthesize new molecules

Question 36

what are the 2 types of metabolic reactions?

Answer 36

anabolic - building up eg protien synthesis catabolic - breaking down eg respiration

Question 37

state 5 metabollic processes

Answer 37

1. glucose joined togetehr to form starch, cellulose and glycogen 2. lipid molecules from glycerol and fatty acids 3. glucos combined with nitrate ions to make protiens 4. glucose broken down in respiration 5. excess protien broken down to produce urea