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Biology 1406 > BIOL 1406 Final Review > Flashcards

BIOL 1406 Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

What does science study?

A

Science is the study of observable, measurable, and testable events.

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2
Q

What doesn’t science study?

A

Beliefs excepted by Faith

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3
Q

What is the procedure called that is used by scientist inquire knowledge

A

Scientific method

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4
Q

Describe the steps of the scientific method

A

Observe and accumulate data, form a hypothesis, experiment, ad mass new data, assess results

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5
Q

Define hypothesis

A

An educated guess, a if/then statement.

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6
Q

What is biology?

A

A branch of science, that studies living organisms

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7
Q

Why is evolution considered a unifying theme in biology?

A

It proposes that organisms sin with modification from Pre existing. That species can change through natural selection, and new species can emerge

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8
Q

Define matter

A

Anything that occupies space, and are comprised of matter

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9
Q

Define element

A

The building blocks of matter

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10
Q

Define atom

A

The smallest particles that retain the properties of the element

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11
Q

How many elements occur naturally?

A

84 to 94. 92 are the most common.

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12
Q

What is the periodic table and who first developed it?

A

The periodic table is a chart that arranges elements based on chemical properties. this was developed by Dimitri Mendeleev.

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13
Q

What does the atomic number of an element equal?

A

The atomic number of a element equals the number of protons that is in its nucleus

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14
Q

What is an isotope? What special physical property does exhibit?

A

And isotope or atoms with varying numbers of neutrons, the special physical property that they exhibit is radioactivity

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15
Q

What are examples of isotope?

A

C12,C13,C14

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16
Q

What is the charge of an electron?

A

Electrons inhabit a negative charge

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17
Q

how does it compare in mass to a proton?

A

similar mass

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18
Q

What is the valance shell of an atom?

A

The valance shell is the outer shell.

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19
Q

If the valence shell does not contain its maximum number of electrons, then how many electrons does the atoms seek to accept?

A

Negative 8E

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20
Q

What is the term used to describe an atom that is caring electric charge?

A

ion

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21
Q

Most atoms do not have a full balance show. Therefore, most atoms have the ability to join with others.(A) when at least two atoms have joined together. What is the result called? (B) when Atoms form at least two different elements have joined together. What is this called?

A

A. Molecules
B. Compound.

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22
Q

Identify examples of a molecular formula

A

H2O and CO2

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23
Q

Identify an example of structural formula

A

O = C = O,
H-O-H

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24
Q

Describe a covalent bond

A

Covalent bonds are strong. They share electrons to fill the valence shell.

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25
Q

What is meant by the term nonpolar covalent bond?

A

Nonpolar covalent bonds, or if electrons are equally shared

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26
Q

What is meant by the term polar covalent bond

A

Polar covalent bond electrons are unequally shared

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27
Q

Describe hydrogen bonds

A

Stabilizes large molecules, they are weak bonds

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28
Q

Define PH

A

Negative algorithm of the concentration of hydrogen plus ions in a solution

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29
Q

What pH values indicate acidity

A

Less than seven

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30
Q

What classifies the substance as a base?

A

Release hydroxyl ion in a solution

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31
Q

What pH values indicate alkaline

A

More than seven

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32
Q

What classifies a substance as a salt

A

That it can break down into ions other than H plus and OH

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33
Q

Genuinely organic compounds contain atoms of what element

A

carbon

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34
Q

Describe five characteristics of water

A

Universal solvent, forms bound water, exhibit cohesion, exhibits, capillarity, expands rather than contraction freezes

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35
Q

What is the universal solvent and what does the term

A

The universal solvent is water, and it means that more substances can be iodized in the water than any other substance

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36
Q

What percent of the atmosphere is CO2

A

.04%. This percentage is steadily rising overtime.

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37
Q

What is meant by the term greenhouse effects

A

Major contributing, greenhouse, gas to global warming. CO2 trapped, excessive heat and melt polar ice.

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38
Q

What percent of atmosphere is oxygen? What organisms are responsible for the production of most of atmospheric oxygen?

A

The percent of the atmosphere that is oxygen is 21% and we get most of this oxygen from algae

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39
Q

What is a isomer

A

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different

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40
Q

What occurs in a condensation/dehydration reaction?

A

Loss of one water molecule

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41
Q

What occurs during hydrolysis

A

Force cut with water, adds water to break bond of polymers

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42
Q

What is the only type of carbohydrate small enough to enter the cell?

A

Monosaccharide

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43
Q

List the names of 3 kinds of disaccharide

A

Sacrose, Maltose, Lactose

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44
Q

Why are lipids important to the cell?

A

Fuel reserve- 2.5 X more potential energy than sugar in The chemical bonds of fat
Insulation-protection against the cold
Organ protection, especially for eyeballs and kidneys
Forms Cell membrane

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45
Q

What are monomers of simple fats

A

Glycerol and two fatty acids

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46
Q

What are the monomers of protein?

A

Amino acids

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47
Q

How many amino acids are utilized by living organisms

A

20

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48
Q

Specifically, what subunits of amino acid combine with each other in condensation reaction to form a peptide bond

A

COOH & NH3

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49
Q

Who improved the microscope and is considered the father of microscopy

A

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

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50
Q

Who first describes the cell and what type of cells did he study?

A

Robert Hooke and he studied cork cells

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51
Q

What role did Matthias schleiden play in the development of cell theory

A

Botanist- all plants made of cells

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52
Q

What role did Theodor Schwann play in the development of cell theory?

A

zoologist- all animals made of cells

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53
Q

What role did Rudolf virchow play in the development of cell theory?

A

proposed that all cells arise from pre-existing cells

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54
Q

What role did louis Pasteur play in the development of cell theory

A

proved Virchow’s theory that all cells come from pre-existing cells

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55
Q

Describe the swan neck flask experiment and what theory did it prove

A

This one neck experiment is an experiment that contains two swan bottles, both containing a boiled broth like substance, where one of the neck of the bottles is broken, leaving it to be exposed to the air. The help to prove that all existing cells come from pre-existing.

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56
Q

What is the light source in magnification range of the compound light?

A

A compound light is the type of microscope using the lab and it has incandescent light source
1000X magnification

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57
Q

What is the light source in the magnification rain range for the TEM

A

Electron microscope
Uses electrons to produce an image and its magnification range is 100,000 X to 300,000 X

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58
Q

What is the light source in the magnification range for scanning EM (SEM) microscopes?

A

Takes a three-dimensional view of its specimens
Magnification range 5,000 X

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59
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

Gel that contains all the contents of the cell excluding the nucleus

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60
Q

Define protoplasm

A

Gel that contains all the contents of the cell including the nucleus

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61
Q

Define organelle

A

Little organs; structures in the cytoplasm that carry out the functions of the cel

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62
Q

Describe the prokaryotic cell and give examples

A

Before nucleus
Cells do not have a true nucleus
Examples, bacteria and blue green algae

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63
Q

Describe the eukaryotic cell and give examples

A

True nucleus
These cells contain a true nucleus
Examples, most organisms on the plant

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64
Q

What is the largest organelle in the cell?

A

The nucleus

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65
Q

What type of RNA is manufactured in the area of the nucleolus

A

RRNA
Nucleus is actively manufacturing it and attaching proteins to Ribsomal subunits

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66
Q

Who discovered the ER?

A

Discovered by Keith Portler

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67
Q

Describe the rough ER

A

A system of bilayer and folded membranes
lumen- hollow cavity
cistemae- membrane disk
Covered in ribosomes that make proteins

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68
Q

What organelle is associated with the rough ER

A

ribosomes

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69
Q

What are the functions of the rough ER?

A

proteins enter for folding, quailty control, and exporting from the cell

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70
Q

Describe the smooth ER

A

Lacks ribsomes, and is more tubular in appearance

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71
Q

What does smooth ER perform in the liver

A

detoxifles harmful molecules

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72
Q

What organelle is the site of protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

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73
Q

Where are most ribosomes located?

A

Most ribosomes are located on the rough ER

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74
Q

Who discovered the Golgi apparatus

A

Camillo golgi

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75
Q

What are the primary functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A

stores modifies, and packages secretary products
directs exocytosis or movement of large molecules out of the cell
packing and shipping of the cell
attaches sugar to proteins and lipids to form the glycolipids and glycoproteins

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76
Q

What is the primary job of the lysosomes

A

fuse with membrane-bound particles and break them into smaller components
digest worn-out organelles for recycling - autophagy

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77
Q

Which organelle is involved in with cellular respiration or the production of ATP (motor of the cell)

A

mitochondrion

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78
Q

What is the function of the vacuole in plant cell and what happens to the size of the vacuole as plant cell matures

A

water reservoir for photosynthesis
the vacuole increases in size as the plant cell matures
stores cell sap of plants which is primary water, some dissolved proteins, and sugars

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79
Q

What is cell sap made out of and what color pigments are dissolved in the vacuole of plants

A

water and some dissolved proteins and sugars.

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80
Q

What type of plastid stores chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

81
Q

What environmental conditions have to be met for this phenomenon to begin

A

cooler temperatures
shortening of daylight hours- light photo periods

82
Q

How many layers form the plasma membrane and what is it made of

A

made of a bilayer of phospholipids and protein

83
Q

What type of organisms have a cell wall

A

plants, fungi, bacterica

84
Q

What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton

A

support, organization, movement

85
Q

What are mircotubules and what do they form during mitosis

A

proteins
forms cilla, flagella, centrioles, spinde fibers

86
Q

Which cell adhesion works like a snap and is common is tissue subjected to mechanical stress

A

spot desmosomes

87
Q

define diffusion

A

the random movement of molecules from an area of high contradion, to an area to low concentration. creases when an equilibrium has reached

88
Q

define osmosis

A

movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable

89
Q

describe what happens to a cell in an isotonic solution

A

has the same concentration of particles as the interior of the cell
retain normal shape

90
Q

describe what happens to a cell in an hypotonic solution

A

has a lower concentration of particles than the interior of the cell
“puffy, bigger”
water moves into the cell because the concentration of the water is high outside the cell and low inside the cell

91
Q

describe what happens to a cell in an hypertonic solution

A

has a higher concentration of particles than the interior of the cell
“shriek, or small” cerate cells
cell lose water because the h2o concentration is less outside the cell & h20 moves from high to low

92
Q

what is the currently accepted model of the plasma membrane called and what two scientists proposed it?

A

the fluid mosaic model, the two scientists who proposed it are singer and Nicholison

93
Q

what steroid is found in the plasma membrane of higher animal cells

A

Cholesterol

94
Q

what is the function of the adhesion proteins of the plasma membrane and what do they form

A

the attachment of cells to one another.
forms cell junctions–tights, gap, and spot desmosomes

95
Q

what is the function of enzyme proteins

A

Catalyzes or speeds up reactions without being charged
they can’t be destroyed

96
Q

what is the receptor site proteins

A

bind to a particular substance outside of the cell, such as a hormone.
binging triggers a change in the cells activities

97
Q

what is the function of the recognition proteins? what is a sugar tag and what forms it?

A

forms unique tags for each individual or species
the tags are usually chains of sugars added to the protein in the Golgi apparatus; called a sugar tag
identifies molecules, cells, etc
helps white blood cells recognize foreign bodies for destruction

98
Q

describe the action of the active transport protein and give an example of it

A

moves ions against the gradient, or from low to high concentrations
ex. sodium-potassium pump

99
Q

what is HYPP? its effect on horses? the genotypes?

A

hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
a genetic disorder that leads to the malformation of Na(sodium) channels in muscle tissue
produces abnormal muscle, even sudden death
3 genotypes- NN, NH, NN

100
Q

define endocytosis

A

into the cell

101
Q

define exocytosis

A

out of the cell

102
Q

describe phagocytosis

A

moves large particles into membrane-bound vacuoles

103
Q

describe pinocytosis

A

moves liquids into the cell

104
Q

describe receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

surface attracts and bind to molecules such as a hormone, vitamin, or mineral

105
Q

what organelle directs exocytosis

A

Golgi apparatus

106
Q

Explain how the laws of thermodynamics applied to cellular respiration

A

the first law staes that energy can be convented but cannot be destoryed. the second law states that no energy conversion is 100.

107
Q

What is the universal compound that supplies energy needed for cells

A

ATP

108
Q

Define potential energy

A

free energy, energy available to do work

109
Q

Define kinetic energy

A

energy at work

110
Q

Define endergonic reactions

A

energy in, forms bonds

111
Q

Define exergonic reactions

A

break the bonds, free energy out

112
Q

Define catalyst

A

large polypeptides that speed up chemical reactions. they are not used up, destroyed, or permanently changed

113
Q

What is the energy of activation in a chemical reaction? What supplies this energy in the lab or in the cell?

A

molecules frequently don’t reach each other and have to add energy to them to cause a reaction. in the lab, energy is added with heat. in the cell, enzymes supply the energy of activation

114
Q

What is a substrate?

A

the reactants acted upon by the enzyme

115
Q

Referring to enzymatic actions what are synthesis reactions

A

an enzyme joins substrates

116
Q

Again, referring to enzymatic reactions what is degradation reaction

A

an enzyme breaks apart substrates

117
Q

What kind of bond holds the substrate in place on the activation site of the enzyme?

A

van der waal bond

118
Q

What scientific project map the 23 pairs of human chromosomes

A

project genome

119
Q

What type of inorganic compounds are cofactors and what are their function?

A

minerals, assist an enzyme in forming products

120
Q

What are redox reactions?

A

If a substance loses electrons it is said to be oxidized. if subtance gains electrons its is said to be reduced

121
Q

Which redox reaction loses electrons

A

oxidation

122
Q

Which redox reaction gains electrons

A

reduction

123
Q

What does OILRIG stand for

A

oxidation is losing; reduction is gaining

124
Q

What are the three types of phosphorylation?

A

substrate phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, photophosphorylation

125
Q

Which type of phosphorylation is associated with glycolysis in the Krebs cycle with etc with photosynthesis

A

substrate phosporylation

126
Q

List the three phrases of respiration and where each occurs

A

glycolysis-occurs in the cytoplasm
krebs- occurs in the inner compartment of the mitochondrion
electron transport chain- occurs on the cristae of the mitochondrion

127
Q

What is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide=bus

A

NAD

128
Q

What is NADH+H

A

hydrogen bus

129
Q

What is phosphorylation

A

adding an phosphate group

130
Q

Which phase of respiration is anaerobic

A

glycolgsis

131
Q

What vitamin is NAD produced from

A

B vitamin niacin

132
Q

What triggers fermentation occur in the cell

A

insufficient O2

133
Q

The muscle cell has stalled in glycolysis and formed a little ATP to continue working however, what 3C waste is produced

A

lactic acid

134
Q

How does alcohol fermentation differ from lactic acid fermentation?

A

the results are different

135
Q

What is the function of pre-krebs

A

to prepare for the Krebs cycle

136
Q

What are the net results of pre-krebs

A

2 2C Acetyl for krebs
2 molecules of CO2
2 NADH+H hydrogen buses for ETC

137
Q

What is 6c Citrate

A

2C actate unties 4c oxloacetate

138
Q

What is the first compound produced krebs cycle? How many carbon atoms does it contain?

A

6c citrate, 6 carbons

139
Q

So how many times does the Krebs cycle turn for each molecule glucose that goes to respiration?

A

2 times

140
Q

What part of the hydrogen ion travels down the ETC gradient

A

H- Electrons

141
Q

What part of the hydrogen ion is pumped into the outer compartment of the mitochondria

A

H+ Proteins

142
Q

how many spins of the ATP synthase does a high engry bus produce

A

3 times, making 3 ATP

143
Q

how many spins of the ATP Synthase does a low enegry bus produce

A

2 times, making 2 ATP

144
Q

what is chemiosmosis

A

the process of the hygren down the gradient

145
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA
double helix
5c sugar- deoxyribose
Base: adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

RNA
Single Helix
5c sugar- ribose
bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

146
Q

What is the structure of DNA molecule called?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

147
Q

What did johann Miescher contribute to the knowledge of DNA?

A

discovered in 1868 in pus from war bandages and in fish sperm. called it “nuclein”

148
Q

What did Robert Fuelgen contribute to the knowledge of DNA

A

1914 devloped a stain for nuclein; stains chromatin red

149
Q

What did Fredrick Griffith contribute to the knowledge of DNA?

A

1928 worked with streptococcus pneumonia bacteria. Hypothesized that DNA was pathogenic- disease cause

150
Q

What did Oswald Avery contribute to the knowledge of DNA?

A

1944 used enzymes to destroy proteins and then DNA in bacteria.
Concluded that hereditary material was probably made of DNA and not protein

151
Q

What did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase contribute to the knowledge of DNA?

A

Confirmed Avery conclusion. Proved that the genes were made of DNA, not protein

152
Q

What did Erwin Chargaff contribute to the knowledge of DNA?

A

1949 worked on DNA composition in USA
Concluded that a always equaled t and g= c
Also concluded that different species had different numbers of nucleotides, because they have different amounts of DNA nucleotide

153
Q

What did Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin contribute to the knowledge of DNA

A

Both worked on the DNA structure
Franklin made the best x-ray diffraction of crystalline DNA, and worked out the dimensions of the molecule

154
Q

What did Watson and Crick contribute to the knowledge of DNA?

A

Bulit model of DNA in 1953
Used info of Franklin

155
Q

Which subunits are the same in the nucleotides? Different?

A

3 subunits, the phosphate group and pentose sugar are same while nitrogen bases will be different

156
Q

What are the 2 purines? Describe them

A

Large, 2 carbon rings
Guanine
Adenine

157
Q

What are the 2 pyrimidines? Describe them

A

Small, 1 carbon ring
Cytosine
Thymine

158
Q

What scientist discovered the first enzyme associated with DNA Replication?

A

Arther kornberg, DNA Polymerase l

159
Q

What scientists proved that DNA replication was semi conservative?

A

Matthew meselson and Franklin stahl

160
Q

What does semi conservative replication mean?

A

Semiconservatie- one strand of DNA is made is made of original nucleotides and the complimentary strand of DNA is made of new nucleotides

161
Q

What is the function of helicase associated with DNA replication

A

Unwinds the double helix, creating a fork

162
Q

What is the function of polymerase lll associated with DNA replication

A

Add nucleotides to the leading strand- 5’3’ continuously

163
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase l associated with DNA replication

A

Adds nucleotides in short sections called Okazaki fragments

164
Q

What is the function of ligase associated with DNA replication

A

Puts fragments together

165
Q

What is the function of “proof reading” enzymes associated with DNA replication

A

Proofing reading the nucleotides. 1 mistake/ 100,000,000 nucleotides

166
Q

What are the Okazaki fragments

A

The new DNA Strand forms in short fragments

167
Q

Which strand is the “leading” strand and is replicated continuously in DNA

A

5,3

168
Q

Which strand is the “lagging” strand and is replicated in fragments

A

3,5

169
Q

When does DNA replication occur

A

Occurs in interphase, just before prophase in mitosis

170
Q

The theory of Enosymbiosis suggests that mitochondria and chlochloroplasts once lived lives as independent organisms. What do these organelles possess that makes them different from other organelles?

A

The ability to replicate

171
Q

What type of rna is a complete copy or transcript of the DNA gene

A

MRNA

172
Q

What type of RNA carries amino acids from the cytoplasmic pool to the ribosome

A

tRNA

173
Q

What type of RNA combines with proteins to form the subunits of the ribosome

A

rRNA

174
Q

Which phase of protein synthesis occurs firsts?

A

Transcription

175
Q

Which strand of DNA is transcribed?

A

3’5’ strand

176
Q

What removes the introns of the primary transcript

A

SnRPS - small Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein particles

177
Q

Where does the second phase of protein synthesis occur

A

Translation

178
Q

What are polysomes

A

Many ribosome that attach to the mRNA and each translates the same strand of mRNA.

179
Q

Who is Gregor mendel

A

Father of genetics studied hybridization crossing of peas

180
Q

Define genes

A

Inheritable unit of information in DNA occupies a particular location on the chromosome

181
Q

Define homologous chromosomes

A

One of a pair of chromosomes in body cells of diploid organism, except for not identical, sex chromosome

182
Q

Define alleles

A

One of two or more forms of a gene; alleles arise by mutation and encode slightly different versions of the same gene product

183
Q

Define dominant

A

With regard to an allele, having the ability to mask the effects of recessive allele

184
Q

Define recessive

A

With regard to an allele, having effects that re masked by a dominant allele on the homologous chromosome

185
Q

Define genotype

A

The particular alleles carried by an individual

186
Q

Define phenotype

A

An individuals observable traits

187
Q

Define phenotype and genotype ratio if both parents are hybrid for 1 gene

A

It will be 3:1 and 1:2:1

188
Q

Define Co dominance

A

Non identical alleles that are both fully expressed in heterozygosities, nether dominant or recessive

189
Q

Define sex linked disorders

A

Gene is carried only on the X chromosome

190
Q

Define XX

A

B6 chromosome for human females

191
Q

Define XY

A

The sex chromosome for human males

192
Q

Define monohybrid cross

A

Genetic problems, dealing with the inheritance of only one characteristic

193
Q

Define punnet square

A

The device used in genetic problem-solving to determine F1 generation

194
Q

Define F1

A

The first generation of offspring from a set of parents

195
Q

What do restriction enzyme do

A

They cut the plasma, DNA at certain points

196
Q

What does GMO Stand for

A

Genetically modified organisms

197
Q

What is PCR technology used for

A

To make fast copies of DNA

198
Q

Who is Katy mullis

A

Worked for a corporation which sold the patent for a PCR for 300 million. Devote the process of PCR.

Biology 1406 (11 decks)

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