Unit 1 Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
What does science study?
A
Science is the study of observable, measurable, and testable events.
2
Q
What doesn’t science study?
A
Beliefs excepted by Faith
3
Q
What is the procedure called that is used by scientist inquire knowledge
A
Scientific method
4
Q
Describe the steps of the scientific method
A
Observe and accumulate data, form a hypothesis, experiment, ad mass new data, assess results
5
Q
Define hypothesis
A
An educated guess, a if/then statement.
6
Q
What is a theory?
A
Supported by research and scientific evidence that has not been found to disprove it
7
Q
What is the difference between a control group and a test group?
A
A control group goes through all the steps of the experiment, but lacks the factor or is not exposed to the factor that is being tested. a test group, the individuals exposed to a certain factor or has the factor that is being tested.
8
Q
What is biology?
A
A branch of science, that studies living organisms
9
Q
List the seven characteristics of life
A
Atoms, molecules, cells, tissue, organs, system, organisms
10
Q
What compound contains the alphabet of all lifeforms?
A
DNA
11
Q
What is a population?
A
A population is made of individual belonging to the same species
12
Q
What is a community?
A
A community is made of all the many species in one area
13
Q
What is a ecosystem?
A
A ecosystem is abiotic and biotic factors affecting life
14
Q
What is a biosphere?
A
A biosphere is part of the earth that supports life, earth, and atmosphere
15
Q
What is metabolism
A
The total sum of all chemical reactions in the organism that either require or release energy when they occur
16
Q
Define energy
A
energy is the capability to do work
17
Q
What are producers?
A
Producers acquire energy and simple raw materials from the environment.
An example of producers would be plants. The type of plant we get 90% of our energy from our algae
18
Q
Define autotroph
A
Make their own food (self feeders)
19
Q
What would be primary consumers?
A
Herbivore
20
Q
What are secondary consumers?
A
Secondary consumers are flesh eaters like lions and snakes
21
Q
Define heterotroph
A
Eat other organisms for energy source “other feeders”
22
Q
What are decomposers
A
Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead organic matter like fungi
23
Q
What links producers, consumers, and decomposers together in nature
A
All are link together in food, chains and pyramids
24
Q
How do living organisms reproduce?
A
Living organisms reproduce through either sexually or asexually
25
What is homeostasis?
A balance in the body or living organism
26
What is a niche?
A niche is a biological home or means biological home
27
Why is evolution considered a unifying theme in biology?
It proposes that organisms sin with modification from Pre existing. That species can change through natural selection, and new species can emerge
28
Define matter
Anything that occupies space, and are comprised of matter
29
Define element
The building blocks of matter
30
Define atom
The smallest particles that retain the properties of the element
31
How many elements occur naturally?
84 to 94. 92 are the most common.
32
What are synthetic elements?
Synthetic elements are elements that are created by scientist
33
What is the periodic table and who first developed it?
The periodic table is a chart that arranges elements based on chemical properties. this was developed by Dimitri Mendeleev.
34
Name the six elements that are used most by life
Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium
35
What does the atomic number of an element equal?
The atomic number of a element equals the number of protons that is in its nucleus
36
What forms the mass number of an element
The protons and neutrons in the middle of it
37
What subatomic particles form the atomic nucleus
protons and neutrons
38
Which subatomic particle carries a positive charge, and addition one more creates a new element
Protons
39
What subatomic particle is neutral
Neutrons
40
Where are neutrons located?
In the middle of the nucleus
41
What is the weight of neutrons?
They weigh the same as protons
42
What is an isotope? What special physical property does exhibit?
And isotope or atoms with varying numbers of neutrons, the special physical property that they exhibit is radioactivity
43
What are examples of isotope?
C12,C13,C14
44
List the four uses for radioactive isotopes
Used to be medically to diagnose medical ailments: ulcers, tumors, cancer. Used to kill cancer cells. Can be used to track movements in the body.
Used in Pet scans. Used in the atoms and molecules in research.
45
What is produced if an atom has additional neutrons
An isotope
46
Does the number of protons equal the number of electrons in an atom?
Yes
47
Does the number of protons equal the number of neutrons in an atom?
Not always
48
What is the charge of an electron?
Electrons inhabit a negative charge
49
What is the difference between an electron orbital and an electron shell?
An electron orbital is the pathway and electron travels in while electron shells are the energy levels
50
In the first three shells of an atom, what is the maximum number of electrons each can hold?
1=2, 2=8, 3=18
51
What is the valance shell of an atom?
The valance shell is the outer shell.
52
If the valence shell does not contain its maximum number of electrons, then how many electrons does the atoms seek to accept?
Negative 8E
53
Argon is a noble gas. What does this mean?
It means since it’s noble gas that it’s valance shell is full
54
What is the term used to describe an atom that is caring electric charge?
Ion
55
Where is a cation
An ion that has a loss an electron
56
What is an anion
An ion that has gained an electron
57
Most atoms do not have a full balance show. Therefore, most atoms have the ability to join with others.(A) when at least two atoms have joined together. What is the result called? (B) when Atoms form at least two different elements have joined together. What is this called?
A. Molecules
B. Compound.
58
Identify examples of a molecular formula
H2O and CO2
59
Identify an example of structural formula
O = C = O,
H-O-H
60
Describe what an ionic bond is
Ionic lines are electrostatic attraction, opposites attract. Atoms gain, or lose electrons in the valence shell. They are fairly weak, so in the middle.
61
How many Kcal are required to break in an ionic bond?
Ten
62
Describe a covalent bond
Covalent bonds are strong. They share electrons to fill the valence shell.
63
What is meant by the term nonpolar covalent bond?
Nonpolar covalent bonds, or if electrons are equally shared
64
What is meant by the term polar covalent bond
Polar covalent bond electrons are unequally shared
65
How many kcal required to break covalent bond
50- 110
66
Describe hydrogen bonds
Stabilizes large molecules, they are weak bonds
67
Give me an example of where hydrogen bonds are located
DNA
68
How many kcal are required to hydrogen bonds
4 to 5
69
Define ionization
When molecules break into ions in a solution
70
Define electrolyte
Substance that conducts an electrical current in a solution
71
Define PH
Negative algorithm of the concentration of hydrogen plus ions in a solution
72
What classifies a substance as an acid
When they release free H plus into a solution
73
What pH values indicate acidity
Less than seven
74
What classifies the substance as a base?
Release hydroxyl ion in a solution
75
What pH values indicate alkaline
More than seven
76
What is the pH of blood?
7.5
77
What classifies a substance as a salt
That it can break down into ions other than H plus and OH
78
What is the pH of water?
Seven negative neutral
79
Why is pH important in biology?
Most living organisms are adapted to very narrow drastic changes in pH. The smallest changes in that pH could result in death in those organisms. Small changes in blood pH in humans can cause death.
80
What type of compounds help maintain homeostasis in living organisms?
Bicarbonate and sodium hydroxide
81
Genuinely organic compounds contain atoms of what element
Carbon
82
Describe five characteristics of water
Universal solvent, forms bound water, exhibit cohesion, exhibits, capillarity, expands rather than contraction freezes
83
What percentage of living matter is made of water
70 to 90%
84
Define solute
Substance to be ionized
85
Define solvent
The liquid in which ionization occurred
86
Define solution
Solute plus solvent
87
What is the universal solvent and what does the term mean?
The universal solvent is water, and it means that more substances can be iodized in the water than any other substance
88
What is clarity of water so important
Polarity, attracts and breaks bond holding them together
89
What environmental hazard is the result of universal solvancy of water?
Water pollution
90
What percent of the atmosphere is CO2
.04%. This percentage is steadily rising overtime.
91
What is meant by the term greenhouse effects
Major contributing, greenhouse, gas to global warming. CO2 trapped, excessive heat and melt polar ice.
92
What percent of atmosphere is oxygen? What organisms are responsible for the production of most of atmospheric oxygen?
The percent of the atmosphere that is oxygen is 21% and we get most of this oxygen from algae
93
Why do most cells need oxygen?
For energy to live
94
What is ozone and it’s important to the planet
the ozone is a layer of upper atmosphere that protects the earth from UV radiation
95
What is a derivative hydrocarbon
C,H, + another element
96
What are the three elements in carbohydrates
C, H, and O
97
What is the ratio of H:O in carbohydrates
2:1, same as water
98
What are common examples of carbohydrates
Sugars and starches
99
What are the uses of carbohydrates for the cell
ATP
100
What is a isomer
Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different
101
What is a monomer
A building block of larger organic compounds
102
What are the monomers of large carbohydrates.
Monosaccharide
103
What is a polymer
Made of many monomers
104
Based upon the number of monomers found in each, what are the three different groups of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
105
What occurs in a condensation/dehydration reaction?
Loss of one water molecule
106
What occurs during hydrolysis
Force cut with water, adds water to break bond of polymers
107
List the names of 3 kinds of monosaccharides and a food source for each
Glucose- protein, fructose- fruits, galactose- milk sugar
108
What is the chemical formula for each of the monosaccharide isomers?
C6,H12,O6
109
What is the only type of carbohydrate small enough to enter the cell?
Monosaccharide
110
What is the quickest source of energy for the cell?
Glucose
111
List the names of 3 kinds of disaccharide
Sacrose, Maltose, Lactose
112
What type of chemical reaction occurs to form a disaccharide and a polysaccharide
Dehydration/cond.
113
What polysaccharide is formed and stored by plants?
Starch
114
How do animals store polysaccharide?
With glycogen
115
What structure is made of cellulose in plant cells
The cell wall
116
What animals can digest cellulose
Herbivores
117
Can man digest cellulose
No
118
What is the function of cellulose in humans
Forms “fiber”, prevent colon cancer
119
What structures are made of chitin
The exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans also the cell wall in fungi
120
Name three elements found in simple fats or lipids
C,H,O
121
Why are lipids important to the cell?
Fuel reserve- 2.5 X more potential energy than sugar in The chemical bonds of fat
Insulation-protection against the cold
Organ protection, especially for eyeballs and kidneys
Forms Cell membrane
122
What are monomers of simple fats
Glycerol and two fatty acids
123
Compare saturated and unsaturated lipids
Saturated
Up right
More h
Unsaturated
Has a kink in its tail
Less h then saturated
124
What are lipids soluble in?
Benzene
125
Why are phospholipids important to the cell?
They strengthen the cell membrane
126
List, four types of steroids that are classified as lipids
Hormones, vitamin D, bile acids, cholesterol
127
List elements found an all proteins
C,H,O,N
128
What element is found in some proteins, but not all
Sulfur
129
List five uses of proteins by living organisms
Structural, it’s the major component of tissues and body parts
Regular controls, various functions and organisms
Enzymes catalyzes reactions and processes and organisms
Hormones not all proteins, but they r regulate process
antibodies a component of immune system responsible for immune disease
Transport proteins moves the molecules across the cell membrane
Recognizing proteins
130
What are the monomers of protein?
Amino acids
131
Which of these subcomponents is different from each amino acids
132
How many amino acids are utilized by living organisms
20
133
How many are considered essential to humans?
Eight
134
How was sickle cell anemia established in the human population and what was it caused?
Sickle cell anemia got established in a Miral belt of the world and it’s caused by a mutation in the amino acid of the hemoglobin. he has 574 if one of those amino acids ends up getting incorrect then you get sickle cell anemia
135
Specifically, what subunits of amino acid combine with each other in condensation reaction to form a peptide bond
COOH & NH3
136
What is a dipeptide, a tri peptide and a poly peptide?
Dipeptide and try it peptides are products that digestive related and poly peptides are huge molecules that are usually included in our diet
137
What are the four structures of proteins?
Protein structures spell out the protein
Secondary structure, each bond that caused folds in the peptide chains
Tertiary structure, forms globular.
Quinary structure they are large proteins in our multiple globular proteins
138
Name the two nucleic acids that are associated with the nucleus
DNA and RNA
139
Name two organelles that contain a small amount of DNA
Plant chloroplasts and the mitochondria
140
What nucleic acid is mostly confined to the nucleus and a forms chromosomes, or the genetic material of the cell
DNA
141
Which nucleic acid leaves the nucleus and what process is it associated with that occurs in the ribosome
RNA, protein, synthesize
142
Who first proposed the model of DNA and what did they call the atomic shape of DNA?
Rosen and Franklin came up with the model and they called it a double helix
