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Biology 1406 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does science study?

A

Science is the study of observable, measurable, and testable events.

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2
Q

What doesn’t science study?

A

Beliefs excepted by Faith

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3
Q

What is the procedure called that is used by scientist inquire knowledge

A

Scientific method

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4
Q

Describe the steps of the scientific method

A

Observe and accumulate data, form a hypothesis, experiment, ad mass new data, assess results

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5
Q

Define hypothesis

A

An educated guess, a if/then statement.

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6
Q

What is a theory?

A

Supported by research and scientific evidence that has not been found to disprove it

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7
Q

What is the difference between a control group and a test group?

A

A control group goes through all the steps of the experiment, but lacks the factor or is not exposed to the factor that is being tested. a test group, the individuals exposed to a certain factor or has the factor that is being tested.

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8
Q

What is biology?

A

A branch of science, that studies living organisms

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9
Q

List the seven characteristics of life

A

Atoms, molecules, cells, tissue, organs, system, organisms

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10
Q

What compound contains the alphabet of all lifeforms?

A

DNA

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11
Q

What is a population?

A

A population is made of individual belonging to the same species

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12
Q

What is a community?

A

A community is made of all the many species in one area

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13
Q

What is a ecosystem?

A

A ecosystem is abiotic and biotic factors affecting life

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14
Q

What is a biosphere?

A

A biosphere is part of the earth that supports life, earth, and atmosphere

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15
Q

What is metabolism

A

The total sum of all chemical reactions in the organism that either require or release energy when they occur

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16
Q

Define energy

A

energy is the capability to do work

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17
Q

What are producers?

A

Producers acquire energy and simple raw materials from the environment.
An example of producers would be plants. The type of plant we get 90% of our energy from our algae

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18
Q

Define autotroph

A

Make their own food (self feeders)

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19
Q

What would be primary consumers?

A

Herbivore

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20
Q

What are secondary consumers?

A

Secondary consumers are flesh eaters like lions and snakes

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21
Q

Define heterotroph

A

Eat other organisms for energy source “other feeders”

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22
Q

What are decomposers

A

Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead organic matter like fungi

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23
Q

What links producers, consumers, and decomposers together in nature

A

All are link together in food, chains and pyramids

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24
Q

How do living organisms reproduce?

A

Living organisms reproduce through either sexually or asexually

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25
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

A balance in the body or living organism

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26
Q

What is a niche?

A

A niche is a biological home or means biological home

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27
Q

Why is evolution considered a unifying theme in biology?

A

It proposes that organisms sin with modification from Pre existing. That species can change through natural selection, and new species can emerge

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28
Q

Define matter

A

Anything that occupies space, and are comprised of matter

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29
Q

Define element

A

The building blocks of matter

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30
Q

Define atom

A

The smallest particles that retain the properties of the element

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31
Q

How many elements occur naturally?

A

84 to 94. 92 are the most common.

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32
Q

What are synthetic elements?

A

Synthetic elements are elements that are created by scientist

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33
Q

What is the periodic table and who first developed it?

A

The periodic table is a chart that arranges elements based on chemical properties. this was developed by Dimitri Mendeleev.

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34
Q

Name the six elements that are used most by life

A

Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium

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35
Q

What does the atomic number of an element equal?

A

The atomic number of a element equals the number of protons that is in its nucleus

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36
Q

What forms the mass number of an element

A

The protons and neutrons in the middle of it

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37
Q

What subatomic particles form the atomic nucleus

A

protons and neutrons

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38
Q

Which subatomic particle carries a positive charge, and addition one more creates a new element

A

Protons

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39
Q

What subatomic particle is neutral

A

Neutrons

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40
Q

Where are neutrons located?

A

In the middle of the nucleus

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41
Q

What is the weight of neutrons?

A

They weigh the same as protons

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42
Q

What is an isotope? What special physical property does exhibit?

A

And isotope or atoms with varying numbers of neutrons, the special physical property that they exhibit is radioactivity

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43
Q

What are examples of isotope?

A

C12,C13,C14

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44
Q

List the four uses for radioactive isotopes

A

Used to be medically to diagnose medical ailments: ulcers, tumors, cancer. Used to kill cancer cells. Can be used to track movements in the body.
Used in Pet scans. Used in the atoms and molecules in research.

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45
Q

What is produced if an atom has additional neutrons

A

An isotope

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46
Q

Does the number of protons equal the number of electrons in an atom?

A

Yes

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47
Q

Does the number of protons equal the number of neutrons in an atom?

A

Not always

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48
Q

What is the charge of an electron?

A

Electrons inhabit a negative charge

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49
Q

What is the difference between an electron orbital and an electron shell?

A

An electron orbital is the pathway and electron travels in while electron shells are the energy levels

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50
Q

In the first three shells of an atom, what is the maximum number of electrons each can hold?

A

1=2, 2=8, 3=18

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51
Q

What is the valance shell of an atom?

A

The valance shell is the outer shell.

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52
Q

If the valence shell does not contain its maximum number of electrons, then how many electrons does the atoms seek to accept?

A

Negative 8E

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53
Q

Argon is a noble gas. What does this mean?

A

It means since it’s noble gas that it’s valance shell is full

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54
Q

What is the term used to describe an atom that is caring electric charge?

A

Ion

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55
Q

Where is a cation

A

An ion that has a loss an electron

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56
Q

What is an anion

A

An ion that has gained an electron

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57
Q

Most atoms do not have a full balance show. Therefore, most atoms have the ability to join with others.(A) when at least two atoms have joined together. What is the result called? (B) when Atoms form at least two different elements have joined together. What is this called?

A

A. Molecules
B. Compound.

58
Q

Identify examples of a molecular formula

A

H2O and CO2

59
Q

Identify an example of structural formula

A

O = C = O,
H-O-H

60
Q

Describe what an ionic bond is

A

Ionic lines are electrostatic attraction, opposites attract. Atoms gain, or lose electrons in the valence shell. They are fairly weak, so in the middle.

61
Q

How many Kcal are required to break in an ionic bond?

A

Ten

62
Q

Describe a covalent bond

A

Covalent bonds are strong. They share electrons to fill the valence shell.

63
Q

What is meant by the term nonpolar covalent bond?

A

Nonpolar covalent bonds, or if electrons are equally shared

64
Q

What is meant by the term polar covalent bond

A

Polar covalent bond electrons are unequally shared

65
Q

How many kcal required to break covalent bond

A

50- 110

66
Q

Describe hydrogen bonds

A

Stabilizes large molecules, they are weak bonds

67
Q

Give me an example of where hydrogen bonds are located

A

DNA

68
Q

How many kcal are required to hydrogen bonds

A

4 to 5

69
Q

Define ionization

A

When molecules break into ions in a solution

70
Q

Define electrolyte

A

Substance that conducts an electrical current in a solution

71
Q

Define PH

A

Negative algorithm of the concentration of hydrogen plus ions in a solution

72
Q

What classifies a substance as an acid

A

When they release free H plus into a solution

73
Q

What pH values indicate acidity

A

Less than seven

74
Q

What classifies the substance as a base?

A

Release hydroxyl ion in a solution

75
Q

What pH values indicate alkaline

A

More than seven

76
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.5

77
Q

What classifies a substance as a salt

A

That it can break down into ions other than H plus and OH

78
Q

What is the pH of water?

A

Seven negative neutral

79
Q

Why is pH important in biology?

A

Most living organisms are adapted to very narrow drastic changes in pH. The smallest changes in that pH could result in death in those organisms. Small changes in blood pH in humans can cause death.

80
Q

What type of compounds help maintain homeostasis in living organisms?

A

Bicarbonate and sodium hydroxide

81
Q

Genuinely organic compounds contain atoms of what element

A

Carbon

82
Q

Describe five characteristics of water

A

Universal solvent, forms bound water, exhibit cohesion, exhibits, capillarity, expands rather than contraction freezes

83
Q

What percentage of living matter is made of water

A

70 to 90%

84
Q

Define solute

A

Substance to be ionized

85
Q

Define solvent

A

The liquid in which ionization occurred

86
Q

Define solution

A

Solute plus solvent

87
Q

What is the universal solvent and what does the term mean?

A

The universal solvent is water, and it means that more substances can be iodized in the water than any other substance

88
Q

What is clarity of water so important

A

Polarity, attracts and breaks bond holding them together

89
Q

What environmental hazard is the result of universal solvancy of water?

A

Water pollution

90
Q

What percent of the atmosphere is CO2

A

.04%. This percentage is steadily rising overtime.

91
Q

What is meant by the term greenhouse effects

A

Major contributing, greenhouse, gas to global warming. CO2 trapped, excessive heat and melt polar ice.

92
Q

What percent of atmosphere is oxygen? What organisms are responsible for the production of most of atmospheric oxygen?

A

The percent of the atmosphere that is oxygen is 21% and we get most of this oxygen from algae

93
Q

Why do most cells need oxygen?

A

For energy to live

94
Q

What is ozone and it’s important to the planet

A

the ozone is a layer of upper atmosphere that protects the earth from UV radiation

95
Q

What is a derivative hydrocarbon

A

C,H, + another element

96
Q

What are the three elements in carbohydrates

A

C, H, and O

97
Q

What is the ratio of H:O in carbohydrates

A

2:1, same as water

98
Q

What are common examples of carbohydrates

A

Sugars and starches

99
Q

What are the uses of carbohydrates for the cell

A

ATP

100
Q

What is a isomer

A

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different

101
Q

What is a monomer

A

A building block of larger organic compounds

102
Q

What are the monomers of large carbohydrates.

A

Monosaccharide

103
Q

What is a polymer

A

Made of many monomers

104
Q

Based upon the number of monomers found in each, what are the three different groups of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

105
Q

What occurs in a condensation/dehydration reaction?

A

Loss of one water molecule

106
Q

What occurs during hydrolysis

A

Force cut with water, adds water to break bond of polymers

107
Q

List the names of 3 kinds of monosaccharides and a food source for each

A

Glucose- protein, fructose- fruits, galactose- milk sugar

108
Q

What is the chemical formula for each of the monosaccharide isomers?

A

C6,H12,O6

109
Q

What is the only type of carbohydrate small enough to enter the cell?

A

Monosaccharide

110
Q

What is the quickest source of energy for the cell?

A

Glucose

111
Q

List the names of 3 kinds of disaccharide

A

Sacrose, Maltose, Lactose

112
Q

What type of chemical reaction occurs to form a disaccharide and a polysaccharide

A

Dehydration/cond.

113
Q

What polysaccharide is formed and stored by plants?

A

Starch

114
Q

How do animals store polysaccharide?

A

With glycogen

115
Q

What structure is made of cellulose in plant cells

A

The cell wall

116
Q

What animals can digest cellulose

A

Herbivores

117
Q

Can man digest cellulose

A

No

118
Q

What is the function of cellulose in humans

A

Forms “fiber”, prevent colon cancer

119
Q

What structures are made of chitin

A

The exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans also the cell wall in fungi

120
Q

Name three elements found in simple fats or lipids

A

C,H,O

121
Q

Why are lipids important to the cell?

A

Fuel reserve- 2.5 X more potential energy than sugar in The chemical bonds of fat
Insulation-protection against the cold
Organ protection, especially for eyeballs and kidneys
Forms Cell membrane

122
Q

What are monomers of simple fats

A

Glycerol and two fatty acids

123
Q

Compare saturated and unsaturated lipids

A

Saturated
Up right
More h

Unsaturated
Has a kink in its tail
Less h then saturated

124
Q

What are lipids soluble in?

A

Benzene

125
Q

Why are phospholipids important to the cell?

A

They strengthen the cell membrane

126
Q

List, four types of steroids that are classified as lipids

A

Hormones, vitamin D, bile acids, cholesterol

127
Q

List elements found an all proteins

A

C,H,O,N

128
Q

What element is found in some proteins, but not all

A

Sulfur

129
Q

List five uses of proteins by living organisms

A

Structural, it’s the major component of tissues and body parts
Regular controls, various functions and organisms
Enzymes catalyzes reactions and processes and organisms
Hormones not all proteins, but they r regulate process
antibodies a component of immune system responsible for immune disease
Transport proteins moves the molecules across the cell membrane
Recognizing proteins

130
Q

What are the monomers of protein?

A

Amino acids

131
Q

Which of these subcomponents is different from each amino acids

A
132
Q

How many amino acids are utilized by living organisms

A

20

133
Q

How many are considered essential to humans?

A

Eight

134
Q

How was sickle cell anemia established in the human population and what was it caused?

A

Sickle cell anemia got established in a Miral belt of the world and it’s caused by a mutation in the amino acid of the hemoglobin. he has 574 if one of those amino acids ends up getting incorrect then you get sickle cell anemia

135
Q

Specifically, what subunits of amino acid combine with each other in condensation reaction to form a peptide bond

A

COOH & NH3

136
Q

What is a dipeptide, a tri peptide and a poly peptide?

A

Dipeptide and try it peptides are products that digestive related and poly peptides are huge molecules that are usually included in our diet

137
Q

What are the four structures of proteins?

A

Protein structures spell out the protein
Secondary structure, each bond that caused folds in the peptide chains
Tertiary structure, forms globular.
Quinary structure they are large proteins in our multiple globular proteins

138
Q

Name the two nucleic acids that are associated with the nucleus

A

DNA and RNA

139
Q

Name two organelles that contain a small amount of DNA

A

Plant chloroplasts and the mitochondria

140
Q

What nucleic acid is mostly confined to the nucleus and a forms chromosomes, or the genetic material of the cell

A

DNA

141
Q

Which nucleic acid leaves the nucleus and what process is it associated with that occurs in the ribosome

A

RNA, protein, synthesize

142
Q

Who first proposed the model of DNA and what did they call the atomic shape of DNA?

A

Rosen and Franklin came up with the model and they called it a double helix

Biology 1406 (11 decks)

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