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Biology 1406 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA
double helix
5c sugar- deoxyribose
Base: adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

RNA
Single Helix
5c sugar- ribose
bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

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2
Q

What is the structure of DNA molecule called?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

What is the structure of RNA molecule called?

A

ribonucleic acid

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4
Q

What did johann Miescher contribute to the knowledge of DNA?

A

discovered in 1868 in pus from war bandages and in fish sperm. called it “nuclein”

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5
Q

What did Robert Fuelgen contribute to the knowledge of DNA?

A

1914 devloped a stain for nuclein; stains chromatin red

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6
Q

What did Fredrick Griffith contribute to the knowledge of DNA?

A

1928 worked with streptococcus pneumonia bacteria. Hypothesized that DNA was pathogenic- disease cause

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7
Q

What did Oswald Avery contribute to the knowledge of DNA?

A

1944 used enzymes to destroy proteins and then DNA in bacteria.
Concluded that hereditary material was probably made of DNA and not protein

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8
Q

What did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase contribute to the knowledge of DNA?

A

Confirmed Avery conclusion. Proved that the genes were made of DNA, not protein

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9
Q

What did Erwin Chargaff contribute to the knowledge of DNA?

A

1949 worked on DNA composition in USA
Concluded that a always equaled t and g= c
Also concluded that different species had different numbers of nucleotides, because they have different amounts of DNA nucleotide

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10
Q

What did Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin contribute to the knowledge of DNA?

A

Both worked on the DNA structure
Franklin made the best x-ray diffraction of crystalline DNA, and worked out the dimensions of the molecule

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11
Q

What did Watson and Crick contribute to the knowledge of DNA?

A

Bulit model of DNA in 1953
Used info of Franklin

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12
Q

What was the purpose of project genome?

A

Decoding human DNA

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13
Q

What contributions did center and collins make to project genome?

A

Used computers to speed gene sequencing

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14
Q

What are the monomers of nucleic acids called?

A

Nucleotides

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15
Q

Which subunits are the same in the nucleotides? Different?

A

3 subunits, the phosphate group and pentose sugar are same while nitrogen bases will be different

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16
Q

What are the 2 purines? Describe them

A

Large, 2 carbon rings
Guanine
Adenine

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17
Q

What are the 2 pyrimidines? Describe them

A

Small, 1 carbon ring
Cytosine
Thymine

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18
Q

What scientist discovered the first enzyme associated with DNA Replication?

A

Arther kornberg, DNA Polymerase l

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19
Q

What scientists proved that DNA replication was semi conservative?

A

Matthew meselson and Franklin stahl

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20
Q

What does semi conservative replication mean?

A

Semiconservatie- one strand of DNA is made is made of original nucleotides and the complimentary strand of DNA is made of new nucleotides

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21
Q

What is the function of helicase associated with DNA replication

A

Unwinds the double helix, creating a fork

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22
Q

What is the function of polymerase lll associated with DNA replication

A

Add nucleotides to the leading strand- 5’3’ continuously

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23
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase l associated with DNA replication

A

Adds nucleotides in short sections called Okazaki fragments

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24
Q

What is the function of ligase associated with DNA replication

A

Puts fragments together

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25
Q

What is the function of “proof reading” enzymes associated with DNA replication

A

Proofing reading the nucleotides. 1 mistake/ 100,000,000 nucleotides

26
Q

What are the Okazaki fragments

A

The new DNA Strand forms in short fragments

27
Q

Which strand is the “leading” strand and is replicated continuously in DNA

A

5,3

28
Q

Which strand is the “lagging” strand and is replicated in fragments

A

3,5

29
Q

When does DNA replication occur

A

Occurs in interphase, just before prophase in mitosis

30
Q

What are mutations

A

A mistake that survives as a mutation. It usually changes gene. Can cause disease, improvement, or evolution

31
Q

What are the most common causes of mutations

A

Mutations can be produced by exposure to radiation, chemicals, and heat

32
Q

The theory of Enosymbiosis suggests that mitochondria and chlochloroplasts once lived lives as independent organisms. What do these organelles possess that makes them different from other organelles?

A

The ability to replicate

33
Q

What are most genes the formulas for

A

Proteins

34
Q

What are the general functions of proteins

A

Used to construct body tissue, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and are a source of ATP

35
Q

What are the monomers of proteins

A

Amino acids

36
Q

How many amino acids are used by most organisms to build proteins

A

20

37
Q

What base is substituted for thymine in RNA

A

Uracil

38
Q

What type of rna is a complete copy or transcript of the DNA gene

A

MRNA

39
Q

What type of RNA carries amino acids from the cytoplasmic pool to the ribosome

A

tRNA

40
Q

What type of RNA combines with proteins to form the subunits of the ribosome

A

rRNA

41
Q

What type of RNA is built of codons

A

mRNA

42
Q

What are the 3 nucleotides in tRNA called

A

Anticodons

43
Q

How many different tRNA are made? Why?

A

20, one for each amino acid

44
Q

Which phase of protein synthesis occurs firsts?

A

Transcription

45
Q

Where does the first phase of protein synthesis occur

A

Occurs in nucleus

46
Q

Which strand of DNA is transcribed?

A

3’5’ strand

47
Q

What enzyme catalyzes transcription?

A

RNA Polymerase

48
Q

How does the enzyme in #16 know when to start and stop coding the gene?

A

With a start code and stop code

49
Q

What is the first transcript called?

A

Primary transcript

50
Q

What forms 2/3 of the primary transcript

A

Introns

51
Q

What are the functional parts of the transcript called

A

Extrons

52
Q

What are the non-functional parts of the transcript called?

A

Introns

53
Q

What removes the introns of the primary transcript

A

SnRPS - small Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein particles

54
Q

What is the “snRNP’d” mRNP called?

A

Functional or Mature RNA

55
Q

Where does the second phase of protein synthesis occur

A

Translation

56
Q

What is the second phase of protein synthesis called

A

Translation

57
Q

What are the sites in the ribosome called where peptide bonds are formed between amino acids

A

Accepter site and peptidal site

58
Q

What are polysomes

A

Many ribosome that attach to the mRNA and each translates the same strand of mRNA.

59
Q

Which occurs more often, protein synthesis or DNA replication

A

Protein synthesis

60
Q

What is the poison ricin extracted from and what is its effect?

A

Castor bean plant that removes an adenine base from rRNA in the large of the ribosome and shuts down protein synthesis

61
Q

What is the function of primase associated with DNA replication

A

Synthesize a short RNA Primer on the lagging strand 3’5’

Biology 1406 (11 decks)

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