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Biology 1406 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain how the laws of thermodynamics applied to cellular respiration

A

the first law staes that energy can be convented but cannot be destoryed. the second law states that no energy conversion is 100.

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2
Q

What is the universal compound that supplies energy needed for cells

A

ATP

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3
Q

Define potential energy

A

free energy, energy available to do work

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4
Q

Define kinetic energy

A

energy at work

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5
Q

Define endergonic reactions

A

energy in, forms bonds

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6
Q

Define exergonic reactions

A

break the bonds, free energy out

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7
Q

What compound joins to form ATP and where is the energy stored?

A

ADP and the energy is stored in the bonds between phosphates

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8
Q

How many high energy bonds are found in ATP and where they located

A

has 2 high energy bonds between the last 2 phosphates

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9
Q

What is a ~bond

A

an high engery bond

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10
Q

When is the most of our ATP produced?

A

when our body is at rest

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11
Q

What are the two compounds that are bonded together to form adenosine in ATP

A

Adenine + Ribose

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12
Q

Define catalyst

A

large polypeptides that speed up chemical reactions. they are not used up, destroyed, or permanently changed

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13
Q

What is the energy of activation in a chemical reaction? What supplies this energy in the lab or in the cell?

A

molecules frequently don’t reach each other and have to add energy to them to cause a reaction. in the lab, energy is added with heat. in the cell, enzymes supply the energy of activation

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14
Q

What is a substrate?

A

the reactants acted upon by the enzyme

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15
Q

Referring to enzymatic actions what are synthesis reactions

A

an enzyme joins substrates

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16
Q

Again, referring to enzymatic reactions what is degradation reaction

A

an enzyme breaks apart substrates

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17
Q

What is the activation site in a enzyme?

A

the actual site on the enzyme where synthesis or degradation occurs. brings substrates together for reaction to occur, provides a reaction surface that acts like a work bench

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18
Q

What kind of bond holds the substrate in place on the activation site of the enzyme?

A

van der waal bond

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19
Q

How many kcal are required to break a Van der waal bond?

A

1-2 kcal

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20
Q

What scientific project map the 23 pairs of human chromosomes

A

project genome

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21
Q

What are most of our gene formulas for?

A

enzymes

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22
Q

What factors can speed up enzymatic activity?

A

faster if substrate concentration is high
faster if temperature is increased
each enzyme has a preferred ph at which it operates

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23
Q

What happens to an enzyme in the surrounding temperature gets too high

A

the enzyme denatures, or falls apart and cant bind to a substrate

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24
Q

What is the importance of PH to enzyme activity?

A

each enzyme has a preferred ph, change it, and it the enzyme is deactivated

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25
What are enzyme inhabitants?
prevent substrates from binding to the activation site of an enzyme
26
What is the effect of cyanide on humans?
cyanide blocks the activation sites on an enzyme needed to make ATP in cellular respiration : kills humans
27
What type of inorganic compounds are cofactors and what are their function?
minerals, assist an enzyme in forming products
28
What type of organic compounds are coenzymes and what is their function?
vitamins, co-enzymes accept electrons--pass them down-- electron transfer chains--prducting ATPS
29
What are redox reactions?
If a substance loses electrons it is said to be oxidized. if subtance gains electrons its is said to be reduced
30
Which redox reaction loses electrons
oxidation
31
Which redox reaction gains electrons
reduction
32
What does OILRIG stand for
oxidation is losing; reduction is gaining
33
What are the three types of phosphorylation?
substrate phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, photophosphorylation
34
Which type of phosphorylation is associated with glycolysis in the Krebs cycle with etc with photosynthesis
substrate phosporylation
35
List the three phrases of respiration and where each occurs
glycolysis-occurs in the cytoplasm krebs- occurs in the inner compartment of the mitochondrion electron transport chain- occurs on the cristae of the mitochondrion
36
What is the formula for cellular respiration
C6 12H 6O + 6O2 + 38 ADP + 38P --> 6CO2+ 6H2O +38 ATP'S, NET 36
37
What is glucose 6 phosphate
phosphorylated glucose with P added to 6 carbon
38
What is fructose 1, 6 Bi-phosphate
compound produced after glucose has been phosphorylated at the 1 & 6 carbons and then rearranged into phosphorylated frucoste
39
What is phosphoglyceraldehyde
PGAL
40
What is PGAL
Phosphoglycerldehyde
41
What is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide=bus
NAD
42
What is NADH+H
hydrogen bus
43
What is adenosine triphosphate
ATP, our engery
44
What is ATP
adenosine triphosphate
45
What is adenosine diphospate
ADP
46
What is ADP
adenosine diphosphate
47
What is pyruvate
intermatic sturtures, glucose is too big to get in organelles so it get broke into pruvates
48
What is phosphorylation
adding an phosphate group
49
What is redox reactions: oxidation and reduction
If a substance loses electrons it is said to be oxidized. if subtance gains electrons its is said to be reduced
50
What is condensation reaction
losing of water
51
What is high energy bond~
found in both ADP and ATP,when broken releases 5X more energy than ordinary bonds
52
Which phase of respiration is anaerobic
glycolgsis
53
What vitamin is NAD produced from
B vitamin niacin
54
What triggers fermentation occur in the cell
insufficient O2
55
What compound is oxidized reduce?
NADH
56
What step does NAD return to?
PGAL
57
What cells undergo fermentation if there’s insufficient supply of oxygen
muscle cells
58
The muscle cell has stalled in glycolysis and formed a little ATP to continue working however, what 3C waste is produced
lactic acid
59
Why are muscle sores after intensive workout?
fermentation
60
What is the result of lactic acid fermentation in milk?
soured milk
61
How does alcohol fermentation differ from lactic acid fermentation?
the results are different
62
What organism can go through alcohol fermentation?
bacteria
63
What industries is alcohol fermentation important to
bread and alcohol companies
64
What is 3c pyruvate
three carbon pyruvate
65
What is decarboxylation
the loss of carbon
66
What is redox reaction
If a substance loses electrons it is said to be oxidized. if subtance gains electrons its is said to be reduced
67
What is co-enzyme a
comes from vitmins
68
What is acetyl coa
helps carry to krebs group
69
What is 2C acetyl group
cormes from acetyl coa ater donates them to krebs
70
What is the function of pre-krebs
to prepare for the Krebs cycle
71
How does 3C pyruvate enter into the mitochondria?
utilizing channel protiens and enters the inner compartment of the membreanes
72
After pyruvate enters the mitochondria, what 2 step reaction occurs almost simultaneously
decarboxlation and redox reaction
73
What hydrogen bus is formed in pre-krebs
NADH+H
74
What does 2C acetate join with
Co-enzyme a
75
What compound is formed when 2C acetate joins with co-enzyme a
acetyl Coa
76
What happens to co-enzyme a
it is cut off and returns to cytoplasm to be reused
77
What are the net results of pre-krebs
2 2C Acetyl for krebs 2 molecules of CO2 2 NADH+H hydrogen buses for ETC
78
What is 6c Citrate
2C actate unties 4c oxloacetate
79
What is 5C ketoglutarate
comes the decarborxyion of 6c cirate
80
What is decarboxylation
loss of carbon / co2
81
What is the first compound produced krebs cycle? How many carbon atoms does it contain?
6c citrate, 6 carbons
82
What reaction occurs yielding a waste gas
decarboxylation
83
What is one of the 5C compounds produced in Krebs cycle
ketoglutarate
84
How many pyruvates are fed into Krebs cycle from glycolysis
2 pyruvates
85
So how many times does the Krebs cycle turn for each molecule glucose that goes to respiration?
2 times
86
What part of the hydrogen ion travels down the ETC gradient
H- Electrons
87
What part of the hydrogen ion is pumped into the outer compartment of the mitochondria
H+ Proteins
88
What is the charge of the outer compartment
postivite charge
89
At what points are the hydrogen protons pumped out
complex 1, 3, and 4
90
What is the charge of the inner compartment
negitvae charge
91
What is the source of the OH ions
metabolic water
92
where is entry point for high energy hydrogen buses
complex 1
93
where is entry for low energy buses
complex 2
94
how many spins of the ATP synthase does a high engry bus produce
3 times, making 3 ATP
95
how many spins of the ATP Synthase does a low enegry bus produce
2 times, making 2 ATP
96
what is the last electron acceptor and what is formed
the last h- electron acceptor oxygen
97
what direction do the protons move in
down the gradient
98
where is the only point in the inner membrane ((cristae) that the h protons can re-enter the inner compartment
one-way: out of the inner compartment and in to the outer compartment
99
what is chemiosmosis
the process of the hygren down the gradient
100
who won the nobel prize for chemiomosis
peter mitchell
101
what type of phosphorylation occurs in ETC
oxidative phosphorylation
102
do prokaryoyic cells(no nucleus) such as bacteria have mitochondria
no, they have no mitochondria
103
where are the proteins for ETC and Chemiomosis found in prokaryotes
plasma membrane
104
how is the NADH+H bus from glycolysis classed-- low or high energy bus
high energy bus
105
what are the proteins order in the ETC steps
complex 1 coenzyme Q complex 2 complex 3 cytochrome c complex 4
106
what is the location of the following in the mitochondrion: outer compartment
outside
107
what is the location of the following in the mitochondrion: inner compartment
inside
108
what is the location of the following in the mitochondrion: cristae
on the folds
109
what is the location of the following in the mitochondrion: ATP Synthase
inner membrane
110
what is the location of the following in the ETC: Complex 1 co-enzyme Q complex 2 complex 3 cytochrome C complex 4
inner membrane

Biology 1406 (11 decks)

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