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AP psych > Biological basis > Flashcards

Biological basis Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

phrenology

A

study of bumps on skull

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2
Q

neuron

A

a nerve cell

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3
Q

dendrites

A

Extensions on the ends of a neuron that receive info/conduct impulses towards the cell body

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4
Q

axon

A

neuron extension that passes messages

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5
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty layer encasing axons to speed up transmissions

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6
Q

action potential

A

neural impulse that is quick and travels down the axon

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7
Q

resting potential

A

negative charge INSIDE axon, positive charge OUTSIDE axon

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8
Q

refractory period

A

the period of inactivity after a neuron is fired

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9
Q

threshold

A

level of stimulation required in order to trigger a neural impluse

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10
Q

all-or-nothing response

A

a neuron either firing or not

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11
Q

synapse

A

junction between axon tip (sending neuron) and dendrite/cell body (receiving neuron)

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12
Q

synaptic gap

A

gap between axon tip and dendrite or cell body

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13
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical messages that cross synaptic gaps between neurons

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14
Q

reuptake

A

Neurotransmitters reabsorbtion by the sending neuron

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15
Q

Acetylcholine

A

critical to motor movement, learning, and memory.
deficit: alzheimers

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16
Q

dopamine

A

important in motor movement, alertness, attention, and emotion.
excess: schizophrenia
deficit: parkinsons

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17
Q

endorphins

A

pain control, stress reduction, and pleasure. basically everything good!

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18
Q

GABA

A

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter
deficit: seizures/insomnia

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19
Q

Serotonin

A

affects mood, hunger, sleep, arousal

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20
Q

norepinephrine

A

controls alertness (adrenaline)

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21
Q

Glutamate

A

major excitatory neurotransmitter- involved with memory

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22
Q

agonists

A

(a molecule) stimulates a response by binding to a receptor site

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23
Q

Antagonists

A

(a molecule) inhibits/blocks a response by binding to a receptor site

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24
Q

sensory neuron

A

carries messages from body’s tissues and sensory receptors inward to the brain and glands

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25
motor neuron
carries instructions from CNS out to body's muscles and glands
26
interneurons/association neurons
middleman between afferent/efferent neurons located in CNS to relay info
27
somatic nervous system
controls body's skeletal muscles
28
autonomic nervous system
controls glands and muscles of internal organs
29
Sympathetic nervous system
mobilizes the body (fight or flight)
30
parasympathetic nervous system
calms the body (rest and digest)
31
CNS
Brain and spinal cord
32
reflex
response to a sensory stimulus
33
adrenal gland
above kidneys (lower back) -help body in stressful situations
34
corpus callosum
connects the left and right cerebral hemisphere
35
frontal lobe
speech, smell, motor control, concentration, planning, problem solving
36
Parietal lobe
taste, body awareness, touch, and pressure
37
temporal lobe
hearing, facial recognition
38
Occipital lobe
vision
39
cerebellum
coordination
40
pancreas
under the stomach, produces insulin which controls glucose
41
ovaries/testes
sexual development and reproduction
42
AFFERENT nerves
OUT-IN sends info to CNS, responsible for sensing a stimulus
43
EFFERENT nerves
INSIDE-OUT responsible for carrying signals away from CNS in order to initiate an action
44
thyroid
below voice box, uses iodine from food to make hormones that regulate energy usage
45
parathyroid
4 tiny glands behind the thyroid, controls the amount of calcium in blood
46
endocrine system
glands that release chemicals into the bloodstream
47
neuromodulators
not restricted to the synaptic clef between 2 neurons
48
glial cells
support nutritional benefits and keep neurons running smoothly
49
Plasticity
the brains physical capacity for change
50
amitonic
loses the ability to divide after carrying out purpose
51
unipolar
sensory neurons
52
Multipolar
motor neurons
53
resting potential of a neuron
-70 milivolts
54
what happens once threshold is met (action potential)
sodium channels open, sodium rushes into cell
55
Equilibrium potential
58 milivolts
56
when potassium ions leave the cell
repolarization
57
pairs of chromosomes
23
58
genotype
Physical genes
59
phenotype
Observable characteristics
60
polygenetic inhieritence
influence of multiple genes on behavior
61
molecular genetics
manipulates genes using tech
62
genome-wide association method
Identifying genes linked to diseases
63
behavior genetics
study of degree & nature of hereditary influence on behavior
64
twin studies
studies on twins -finding links between genetic and behavioral similarities
65
brain leisoning
Abnormal disruption in brain tissue from an injury/disease
66
EEG
electrical activity in the brain on an electroencephalogram to asses brain damage, seizures, and sleep issues
67
CT/CAT scan
computer generated composite of variety of x rays taken of the brain (used to find location/extent of damage like strokes, memory loss, language disorders)
68
PET scan
metabolic changes in brain (glucose levels)can measure the amount of neurotransmitters remaining in a synaptic gap
69
MRI
magnetic field around the body, uses radio waves to construct images of brain tissue and biochemical activities
70
fMRI
measures changes of blood-oxygen levels to reveal activity (its like an MRI but while the subject is doing something)
71
TMS
often combined with other imaging to show relationships between activity and behavior
72
collateral sprouting
axons of adjacent healthy neurons grow new branches
73
neurogenesis
creation of new neurons
74
Substitution function
function is taken over by another area of the brain
75
Excitatory transmitter
generates an action potential
76
Inhibitory transmitter
prevents an action potential

AP psych (12 decks)

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