sensation and perception Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
sensation
A
receiving energies from the environment and turning it into neural energy
2
Q
Perception
A
process of organizing and interpreting sensory info
3
Q
top down processing
A
cognition to sensory input (perception)
4
Q
bottom up processing
A
sensory receptors send info to brain (sensation)
5
Q
sensory receptors
A
cells that transmit stimulus info to sensory (afferent) nerves to the brain
6
Q
Absolute threshold
A
the absolute minium amount of stimulus energy a person can detect (50% detection rate)
7
Q
difference threshold
A
degree of difference that exists between two stimuli before that difference is detected
8
Q
webers law
A
Minimum percentage over minimum amount (drop of water in glass example)
9
Q
signal detection theory
A
approach to perception that highlights decision making about stimuli under conditions of uncertainty
10
Q
selective attention
A
focusing on a specific aspect of experience, while ignoring others
11
Q
sensory adaptation
A
change in responsiveness of sensory system based on average level of surrounding stimulation
12
Q
perceptual set
A
Predisposition/readiness to perceive something in a certain way
13
Q
sensory transduction
A
process where our bodies turn (transduce) external/physical/chemical stimuli into electrical impulses for brain to interpret
14
Q
wavelengths
A
distance between peak of waves
15
Q
light
A
energy that travels in waves
16
Q
increasing energy results in
A
decreasing wavelenghts
17
Q
Amplitude
A
height of wave (equates to brightness)
18
Q
hue
A
color
19
Q
saturation
A
intensity of color
20
Q
Brightness
A
white/black
21
Q
cornea
A
what is outside the eye
22
Q
lens
A
gets light to reach the back of the eyeball
23
Q
muscles
A
open and close the pupil
24
Q
fovea centralls
A
where the refracted light is sent
25
optic nerve
goes from the eye to the brain
26
cones
help us see color
27
rods
help us see monochromatic grey scale
28
rods and cones
send things forward
29
1st step of vision
lightwaves hit the eye
30
2nd step of vision
structures focus light on retina
31
3rd step of vision
rods and cones take the image and convert light waves to electrical energy
32
4th step of vision
electrical signal transfers to bipolar and then ganglion cells
33
5th step of vision
axons of the ganglion cells create the optic nerve, sending electrical signals to the brain
34
Nearsighted
focal point is in front of the retina
35
Farsighted
focal point is behind the retina
36
sound waves
measured in height and length of wave
37
Frequency
the number of waves in a given interval (a sounds pitch)
38
Amplitude
measured in decibels (how loud a sound is)
39
timbre
Saturation of complex sounds
40
waveform
quality of timbre
41
outer ear
pinna/auditory canal
42
middle ear
ear drum (tympanic membrane) malleus (hammer) incus (anvil) stapes (stirrup)
43
inner ear
oval window, cochlea, basilar membrane, hair cells, tectorial membrane, eustachian tube
44
1st step of process of hearing
sound is sent through auditory canal where vibrations then hit the eardrum
45
2nd step of process of hearing
3 bones vibrate and send waves through the oval window into the inner ear
46
3rd step of process of hearing
mechanisms in ear transduce sound vibrations into neural impulses sent by the auditory nerve to the temporal lobe
47
1st step of transduction process of hearing
bones in the middle ear couple sound vibrations from the air to fluid vibrations in the cochlea of the inner ear
48
2nd step of transduction process of hearing
an elastic partition (basilar membrane) runs from beginning to end of the cochlea, splitting to an upper and lower part
49
3rd step of transduction process of hearing
once vibrations cause fluid in the cochlea to ripple, a traveling wave forms along the basilar membrane
50
4th step of transduction process of hearing
hair cells ride the wave
51
5th step of transduction process of hearing
hair cells move up and down, stereocilia that perch on top of the hair cells bump against an overlying structure and bend
52
6th step of transduction process of hearing
pore like channels at the tip of the stereocilia open up. chemicals then rush into the cell causing an electrical signal
53
visual cortex
located in occipital lobe. most visual info hits the visual cortex before being processed elsewhere
54
feature detection
in visual cortex, individual neurons acting in order to allow for definition of stimulus
55
binding
visual inputs to make a unified whole
56
Parallel processing
Simultaneous distribution of sensory input across different neurological pathways
57
Trichromatic theory
there are 3 types of cone receptors (red, blue, green) that are sensitive to different overlapping ranges of wavelengths (doesn’t explain afterimages)
58
opponent process theory
4 types of cone receptors (red-green. blue-yellow)
59
color blindness
1/3 cones doesnt work
60
contour
sudden change in brightness
61
figure ground relationship
figure= stimuli that stand out back/ground= stimuli that is left over once figure is established
62
gestalt principles
the whole is different than the sum of its parts
63
closure
filling in spaces to create a whole
64
Proximity
closer objects are seen as one compared to far away objects
65
Similarity
similar objects are seen as a unit
66
common fate
group together things that are pointing to/moving in the same direction
67
Symmetry/order
Ambiguous shapes seen as simple a manner as possible
68
continuity
eye will follow the smoothest path
69
figure ground
larger area of an image as the ground and smaller as the figure
70
depth perception
3D viewing
71
binocular cues
depth cues dependent on combo of left/right eye input
72
Convergence
muscle movement determines how far/close something is
73
Monocular cues
depth based on one eye
74
familiar size
things aren’t actually smaller when further away
75
height in field of view
higher in field = further away
76
linear perspective/relative size
lines converge to a point that looks like they extend out
77
overlap
partial concealment seen as closer
78
shading
based on light sources
79
texture gradient
denser/finer = further away
80
presbycusis
the loss of hearing that gradually occurs as you get older
81
tinnitus
perception of ringing in the ears
82
cochlear implants
internal devices to bypass the inner ear and send impulses directly to remaining nerves
83
mcgurk effect
when what we see does not match what we hear
83
volley principle
suggests clutters of nerves can act in concert to produce more firings than one single neuron
83
cocktail party effect
ability to pick up certain stimuli while ignoring othes
83
place theory
each frequency produces vibrations at particular location on basal membrane (explains high but not low frequency noises)
83
frequency theory
how often the auditory nerve fires faster it fires= higher sound (math doesn't add up for tones that require faster firing)
84
sound shadow
pinpoints where sound comes from due to differences in intensity and timing
84
papillae
bumps on tongue
84
fungiform papillae
front of tongue (3-5 taste buds)
85
circumvallate papillae
back of tongue (over 100 taste buds)
86
foliate papillae
sides of tongue (100 taste buds)
87
sweet
caused by sugar/fructose/lactose
88
sour
lemon juice, organic acids, hydrogen ions
89
bitter
35 proteins respond to bitter substances
90
savory/unami
broth, tomatoes, meat, cheese, asparagus
91
fatty
maybe receptors for this? natural fats and oils
92
more
Alkaline, metallic, water-like
93
gustation
taste
94
scent habituation
the inability to distinguish a particular scent as a result of ongoing exposure
95
mechanoreceptors
touch sensations (pressure, vibrations, texture)
96
thermoreceptors
Temperature of food (cold sensations if skin is below 95, hot sensations of skin is below 41)
97
chemical receptors
flavor profiles
98
orthonasal
out-there
99
retronasal
in the mouth
100
Olfactory epithelium
special receptors sensitive to odor molecules that travel through air
101
Olfaction
smell
102
1st step of smell
receptors interpret odor molecules
103
2nd step of smell
Olfactory receptors catch odor molecules and bind with them
104
3rd step of smell
action potential travels along receptor to olfactory bulb
105
Nociceptors
Pain picked up by damage (fast pathway- thalamus, motor/sensory areas of cerebral cortex. Slow pathway- limbre system, motor/sensory areas of cerebral cortex)
105
4th step of smell
bulb sends info to the brain
105
Where receptors are found
Dermis layer of skin
105
Location of highest concentration of thermoreceptors
Face and ears
105
Process of thermoreceptors
Skin sends action potential to spinal cord, spinal cord sends to brain stem then to thalamus, thalamus puts map of body into somasensory areas of parietal lobes in cerebral cortex
106
Gate control theory
Non-painful input closes nerve gates to painful input, preventing pain sensations to travel to CNS- this is explains why rubbing an injury makes it hurt less (the gating mechanism takes place in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord)
107
Kinesthetic senses
Movement, posture, orientation
108
Proprioceptors
Throughout body- mainly in spindles but also in skin & joints
109
Vestibular senses
Balance and movement, orientation of head
110
Golgi tendon organ
Tension on joint
111
Joint kinesthetic receptors
Angle/movement of joints
112
Semicircular canals
Inner ear receptors for orientation
113
Synesthesia
Neurological condition where one sense stimulates others
