learning

Question 1

Associative learning

Answer 1

learning through association: closely related to conditioning

Question 2

observational learning

Answer 2

learning by observing and mimicking others

Question 3

classical conditioning

Answer 3

Conditioning through the use of a stimulus and getting the subject to carry out an action with a conditioned reaction

Question 4

Neutral stimulus

Answer 4

the stimulus not associated with a behavior (yet)

Question 5

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 5

stimulus producing a natural response that was not “learned”

Question 6

Unconditioned response

Answer 6

natural, unlearned response to the unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

conditioned stimulus

Answer 7

the new, conditioned stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus to create the final conditioned response (the same as the neutral stimulus, it has just been conditioned)

Question 8

conditioned response

Answer 8

the learned response to the conditioned stimulus

Question 9

Acquisition

Answer 9

the initial pairing of the unconditioned and neutral stimulus

Question 10

contiguity

Answer 10

the use of the unconditioned and neutral stimulus at the same time

Question 11

generalization

Answer 11

a new stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus that results in the conditioned response

Question 12

Discrimination

Answer 12

the response to certain stimuli, but not others

Question 13

Extinction

Answer 13

the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent

Question 14

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 14

a response reoccurs after a time without conditioning

Question 15

renewal

Answer 15

the recovery of the conditioned response when put in the same environment it was learned in

Question 16

counterconditioning

Answer 16

changing the conditioned response to reverse an action

Question 17

aversive conditioning

Answer 17

a type of counterconditioning that involves negative responses paired with a previously used stimuli

Question 18

primary reinforcer

Answer 18

satisfying as it is, doesn’t need to be learned to be pleasurable

Question 19

secondary reinforcer

Answer 19

conditioned reinforcer, provides positive value

Question 20

applied behavior analysis

Answer 20

using operant conditioning to change human behavior

Question 21

retention

Answer 21

the need to encode what behavior you are learning

Question 22

motor reproduction

Answer 22

the need to have the physical capability to replicate the behavior

Question 23

insight learning

Answer 23

problem solving involving a sudden understanding of how to find a solution

Question 24

purposive behavior

Answer 24

Tolmans idea- states that behavioral acts have a goal & purpose

Question 25

latent/implicit learning

Answer 25

unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in ones behavior

Question 26

learned helplessness

Answer 26

occurs after being put in a stressful situation repeatedly

Question 27

Thorndikes law of effect

Answer 27

behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened while behaviors with negative outcomes are weakened

Question 28

operant conditioning

Answer 28

Spontaneous behavior and what happens afterwards

Question 29

B.F. Skinners idea

Answer 29

mechanisms of learning are the same across all species

Question 29

shaping

Answer 29

training a behavior that wouldn’t have been learned otherwise- shaping refers to giving out rewards after each step taken that is closer to the desired outcome is acheived (teaching a baby how to walk is a good example)

Question 30

positive reinforcement

Answer 30

providing a stimulus following a behavior to increase the frequency of the behavior

Question 31

negative reinforcement

Answer 31

removing a stimulus following a behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior

Question 32

avoidance learning

Answer 32

learning to avoid a negative stimulus by showing a specific response

Question 33

Punishment

Answer 33

attempt to decrease a behavior

Question 34

positive punishment

Answer 34

adding a stimulus to decrease a behavior

Question 35

Negative punishment

Answer 35

removing a stimulus to decrease a behavior

Question 36

ratio

Answer 36

number of behaviors before stimulus is added

Question 37

interval

Answer 37

amount of time before stimulus

Question 38

fixed

Answer 38

same number/amount of time

Question 39

variable

Answer 39

random number/amount of time