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AP psych > Scientific foundations > Flashcards

Scientific foundations Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Structuralism

A

Structure > function. The belief of Wilhelm Wundt.

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2
Q

Introspection

A

looking inward to understand psychological questions

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3
Q

Functionalism

A

understanding how the conscious mind is related to behavior

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4
Q

Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytical approach

A

behavior is determined by past expiriences (emphasis on unconscious conflicts)

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5
Q

Humanistic approach

A

Humans have free will and are able to grow

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6
Q

Evolutionary approach

A

evolutionary bio to explain behaviors (natural selection)
Ex: study of how anger could be a gene inhiereted from ancestors

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7
Q

biological approach

A

behavior is a physical process -we are who we are because of biological factors

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8
Q

cognitive approach

A

our thought processes impact how we behave
ex: how emotions impact how we feel

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9
Q

Descriptive research

A

surveys, interviews, case studies, observations

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10
Q

correlational research

A

Longitudinal, correlation not causation, finding out that something is not why it is

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11
Q

experimental research

A

independent and dependent variables, control groups, validity, biases, relationships between variables

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12
Q

mean

A

all numbers added then divided by amount of numbers

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13
Q

median

A

number in the middle of a data set

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14
Q

mode

A

number that occurs the most

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15
Q

range

A

difference (subtraction) between highest and lowest scores

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16
Q

Standard deviation

A

difference (subtraction) between value and mean

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17
Q

normal distribution

A

the center of the graph is the mean, every section is then divided by one standard deviation

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18
Q

percent of data between one standard deviation

A

68.27%

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19
Q

percent of data between two standard deviations

A

95.45%

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20
Q

percent of data between three standard deviations

A

99.73%

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21
Q

negative skew

A

majority of data is to the right of the mean

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22
Q

positive skew

A

majority of data is to the left of the mean

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23
Q

survey

A

self reporting

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24
Q

case study

A

close look at one person

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25
natural observation
observing with no interference
26
meta-analysis
looks at and combines all published results of a study
27
factor analysis
looking at large amounts of data to find big trends
28
population
total number of a group
29
sample
Representative group in a study
30
Operational definition
agreed upon definition of how a variable is going to be measured/observed
31
control group
group not exposed to independent variable but kept same in all other aspects
32
experimental group
the group receiving the independent variable
33
confounding variable
a variable other than the independent variable that may effect the outcome
34
placebo
getting results based on expectations alone
35
null hypothesis
treatment had no effect
36
alternate hypothesis
treatment had an effect
37
alpha
accepted probability that the result is due to chance (up to 5%)
38
P value
shows if results are statistically significant (less that 5% is statistically insignificant)
39
H0
null hypothesis
40
H1
alternate hypothesis
41
Correlation coefficient
-1.0 to + 1.0
42
R value
the closer R is to 1, the stronger the relationship
43
selection bias
bias during the selection process (differences between groups present during the beginning of the experiment, random assignment used to account for this)
44
experimenter bias
when the experimenter influences the outcome (double blind study accounts for this)
45
empirical method
getting knowledge through observation, collecting data, and logical reasoning
46
natural selection
organisms that are better adapted to the environment survive longer
47
john locke
Believed the mind is under control of natural laws
48
tabula rasa
john lockes term to describe the state of an unknowing infant
49
rene descartes
believed the physical world and everything in it ran like machines and behaved in predictable ways
50
wilhelm wundt
founded structuralism
51
william james
believed in functionalism
52
dualism
divides the world into two parts; body and mind/spirit
53
pre-screening/advertising bias
advertising may effect results
54
healthy user bias
when the selected group does not accurately represent the general population
55
Conceptual definition
theory/issue being studied
56
external validity
the extent in which the results of a study can be generalized to other contexts in the real world
57
internal validity
Certainty that the results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable
58
inter-rater reliability
degree to which different raters agree on their observations of the same data
59
inferential statistics
allows researchers to test hypotheses and then determine how confident they can be in their inference of the data
60
type 1 error
says there is a difference when there is not
61
type 2 error
says there is no difference when there is
62
Contemporary psychology
the modern study of behaviors and mental processes using traditional psychological theories
63
psychometric psychology
the use of tests and quizzes to measure the intelligence of others (most often those with brain injuries, neurological disorders, ect.)
64
Plato (and socrates)'s view of the mind
the mind is separate from the body and therefore continues after it dies
65
Aristotles belief of knowledge
knowledge results from our memories and experiences
66
approach associated with conditioning
behavioral
67
human factors psychology
the study of how people interact with machines and technology
68
industrial/organizational psychology
focuses on scientifically based solutions to human problems in work/organizational settings
69
Wundts experimental studies involved
reactions to sensory stimuli

AP psych (12 decks)

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