BIOLOGY EXAM Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
One reason common names are not useful to biologists is that they…
A
can apply to more than one animal
2
Q
One goal of scientists is to assign every organism a universally accepted name according to they system known as…
A
binomial nomenclature
3
Q
According to the rules of binomial nomenclature, which of the terms is capitalized?
A
the genus name only
4
Q
Based on their names, you know that the baboons “Papio annubis” and “Papio cynocephalus” do NOT belong to the same what?
A
species
5
Q
the second part of a scientific name is unique to each what?
A
species in its genus
6
Q
often, the second part of a species name is….
A
a description of a trait or habitat
7
Q
Which are the two highest level taxa in the Linnaean system?
A
Phylum and Kingdom
8
Q
the grouping of organisms based on their common descent is called…
A
evolutionary classification
9
Q
in biology, a trait that arose in an ancestor and is passed along to is descendants is referred to as a what?
A
derived character
10
Q
all organisms in the Kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Anamalia are…
A
eukaryotes
11
Q
which Kingdom contains heterotrophs with all walls of chitin?
A
Fungi
12
Q
the domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments is…
A
archaea
13
Q
Viruses…
A
vary greatly in size and structure
14
Q
unlike lytic viruses, lysogenic viruses DO NOT…
A
lyse the host cell right away
15
Q
the instructors for making new copies of a virus are…
A
coded either in the DNA or RNA
16
Q
how do viruses cause disease?
A
by destroying cells or affecting cellular processes
17
Q
during a lytic infection, the host cell…
A
is destroyed when it bursts
18
Q
What is the basic structure of a virus?
A
DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
19
Q
viral diseases can be…
A
prevented with vaccines but not treated with antibiotics
20
Q
the outer protein coat of a virus is called…
A
capsid
21
Q
what 3 materials make up any virus?
A
proteins, nucleic acids, lipids
22
Q
viral infections can be prevented by vaccines, which are…
A
preparations of weakened or killed viruses
23
Q
a lytic infection concludes with the…
A
bursting of the host cell
24
Q
a prophage is made of…
A
viral DNA
25
Bacteria and Archaea differ in...
the makeup of cell walls
26
what type of bacteria is spherical shaped?
Cocci
27
what type of bacteria is rod shaped?
bacilli
28
what bacteria is spiral shaped?
spirilla
29
which of the following can survive either with or without oxygen?
facultative anaerobes
30
during what process do prokaryotes exchange genetic information?
conjugation
31
Prokaryotes that break down dead organisms and wastes are called...
decomposers
32
How do bacteria cause diseases?
by disrupting cells and releasing toxins
33
bacteria that cause diseases are called...
pathogens
34
an unknown disease or well known disease that suddenly becomes harder to control...
an emerging disease
35
what might people do to prevent the development of more superbugs?
they should use antibiotics only when necessary
36
what kind of pathogen causes clumps of misfolded proteins to form in the brain?
prions
37
prions differ from viruses because...
prions contain no DNA or RNA
38
what are protists?
eukaryotes that are not part of the plant, animal, or fungi kingdoms
39
which of the following describes the structure of a pseudopod?
a cytoplasmic projection
40
many protists alternate between a diploid and haploid stages known as...
alternation of generations
41
during what process do two protists exchange genetic material?
conjugation
42
long structures supported by microtubules that spin like propellers or whip back and forth to produce movement
flagella
43
how do water molds reproduce?
asexually by producing sporangium that contain spores
44
phytoplankton are only found at the surface of ocean waters because...
they require sunlight to carry out photosynthesis
45
what structure do protists such as amoebas use for movement?
pseudopods
46
which of the following protists get nutrients mainly by absorbing molecules from other organisms through their cell walls and cell membranes?
slime molds
47
what are flagellated protists that cause African Sleeping Sickness?
Trypanosoma
48
know what a flagella looks like and be able to identify it
49
all fungi are...
heterotrophic eukaryotes
50
a mushroom is a...
fruiting body
51
mycelium
52
an important role of fungi in an ecosystem is...
breaking down dead organisms
53
Lichens play an important role in soil formation because they...
are often the first organisms to enter barren environments
54
In a mycorrhizae relationships, what benefit does the plant get from the fungus?
aid in the absorption of water and minerals
55
a mycorrhizae is a relationship between a fungus and a....
photosynthetic organism
56
why are Lichens important?
they are able to survive in harsh environments and are the first to invade a barren environment
57
how do plants use sunlight?
use the energy from sunlight that is captured by the leaves to carry on photosynthesis
58
what were the ancestors of plants?
water-dwelling organisms similar to single-celled green algae
59
in a plant life cycle, what does the diploid phase (2N (sporophyte)) produce?
sporophytes
60
in the plant life cycle, what does the haploid phse (2N gametophyte)) produce?
gametes
61
what was the first plant?
green algae
62
why was green algae the first plant?
not because it was single celled or had branching filaments, but bc it is MULTICELLULAR
63
why is green algae considered a plant?
they are multicellular, not single celled
64
where can green algae be found?
aquatic areas or moist areas on land
65
what are three type of Bryophytes?
mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
66
what is the relation between a rhizoid and a bryophyte?
rhizoids anchor bryophytes to the soil
67
what does the phloem ( a vascular tissue) do in a vascular plant?
the phloem transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates made from photosynthesis
68
what does the xylem (vascular tissue) do in a vascular plant?
the xylem carries water upwards from the roots to every part of the plant
69
what is the main different between the xylem and phloem?
the xylem is a one way vessel, while the phloem is a two way vessel
70
what is a seed?
a plant embryo and food supply that is encased in a protective covering
71
where is the female gametophyte located?
in the ovule
72
exposed seeds on the scales within a cone
gymnosperm
73
where does the gametophyte develop?
in the reproductive structures called cones
74
where is the MALE gametophyte contained?
the pollen grain made in the male cone
75
plants that bear their seeds in a layer of tissue that protects the seed (flowering plants)
angiosperm
76
what are the ovaries of an angiosperm?
tissues that develop into fruit that protects the seed after fertilization
77
for an annual plant, how long is their life span?
one year
78
why are animals considered heterotrophs?
they obtain nutrients and energy be eating other organisms
79
why are animals considered multicellular?
they have cell membranes, but lack cell walls
80
why are animals considered eukaryotic?
they contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
81
what are invertebrates?
all animals that lack a backbone or vertebral column
82
what percent of animals are invertebrates?
95%
83
95% of animals are invertebrates, this includes (4):
sea stars, worms, jellyfish, and insects
84
chordates are part of _____ ______
phylum chordata
85
what percent of animals are chordates?
fewer than 5%
86
what two main things do all chordate animals share at one point in their life?
a tail that extends beyond the anus and pharyngeal pouches
87
what are pharyngeal pouches?
paired structures in the throat region
88
in fish, what may pharyngeal pouches develop into?
gills used for gas exchange
89
what does the nervous system/nerve cells do to maintain homeostasis/a stable environment?
gather information and respond
90
what do muscle tissues do to help maintain homeostasis/a stable environment?
produce movement by shortening when stimulated by the nervous system
91
why does the muscle system work with the skeleton system?
to coordinate movement
92
a vertebrate's skeleton is internal or external?
internal
93
a vertebrate's skeleton is made of....?
bones
94
an invertebrates skeleton is internal or external?
external
95
what are the benefits of animals reproducing asexually? what does this mean for the animal?
it allows animals to increase numbers. they are genetically identical
96
most animals have 4 of the same tissues. What are these tissues?
epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous
97
body parts that extend outward from the center with many lines of symmetry. (allows them to be divided equally in many ways)
radial symmetry
98
what is an example of radial symmetry?
starifsh
99
what is bilateral symmetry?
body can be divided into RIGHT and LEFT sides that are mirror images
100
what is an example of bilateral symmetry?
humans
101
what is the back portion of bilateral symmetry known as?
upper-dorsal
102
what is an example of an upper-dorsal
dorsal fin of a dolphin
103
innermost layer of an embryo that develops into digestive tract and respiratory system
endoderm
104
middle layer of an embryo, gives rise to muscle, circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems
mesoderm
105
outermost layer of an embryo, produces sense organ, nerves and outer layer of skin
ectoderm
106
a body cavity that is completely lined with mesoderm (a fluid filled space b/w the digestive tract and body wall)
coelom
107
what is a fertilized egg called?
a zygote
108
a blastula is when the fertilized egg develops into what?
a hollow ball of cells
109
internal or external body parts that repeat on each side of the body (legs, arms)
segmentation
110
how do you know when an animal is segmented?
it has appendages
111
true or false: appendages can vary in species?
true
112
what are 3 examples of how appendages vary in species? (forelimbs)
human arms
dolphin flippers
wings of a bird
