Biology Unit 5 Flashcards
(113 cards)
0
Q
What is heredity?
A
The transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring
1
Q
_____________ is the transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring
A
HEREDITY
2
Q
What is the study of heredity?
A
GENETICS
3
Q
What is genetics?
A
THE STUDY OF HEREDITY
4
Q
___________________- the differences between parents and offspring or among individuals of a population
A
GENETIC VARIATION
5
Q
What is genetic variation?
A
The differences between parents and offspring or among individuals of a population
6
Q
Who was “The Father of Genetics” ?
A
GREGOR MENDEL
7
Q
__________ states that there will usually be one trait that will show up more often than others
A
THE LAW OF DOMINANCE
8
Q
A ______________ can mask another allele
A
DOMINANT ALLELE
9
Q
What is a characteristic that shows up more often than others called?
A
DOMINANT ALLELE
10
Q
The _______________ is the allele that is being masked by the dominant allele
A
RECESSIVE ALLELE
11
Q
What represents the dominant allele?
A
A CAPITAL LETER
12
Q
What represents the recessive allele?
A
A lowercase letter
13
Q
__________________ states that each individual has 2 factors for each trait
A
LAW OF SEGREGATION
14
Q
_________________ states that the factors separate during the formation of gametes
A
THE LAW OF SEGREGATION
15
Q
________________ states that each gamete contains only one factor from each pair of factors
A
LAW OF SEGREGATION
16
Q
________________ states that fertilization gives each new individual two factors for each trait
A
The Law of Segregation
17
Q
What does the Law of Segregation entail?
A
Each individual has 2 factors for each trait
The factors separate during the formation of gametes
Each gameete contains only one factor from each pair of factors
Fertilization gives each new individual two factors for each trait
18
Q
The ________________ is illustrated by a dihybrid cross
A
LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
19
Q
__________________ states that members of any gene pair segregates from one another independently of the members of other gene pairs
A
The LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
20
Q
What ensures that each gamete receives one allele for each locus?
A
THE LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
21
Q
What was the crop that Mendel used to run his experiments?
A
GARDEN PEAS
22
Q
Why did Mendel use the crop that he did?
A
EASY TO GROW
SHORT GROWING SEASON
EASILY CROSS POLLINATE
SEVERAL VARIABLE CHARACTERISTICS
23
Q
How many characteristics did Mendel identify when observing the garden pea?
A
34 CHARACTERISTICS
24
How many garden pea characteristics did Mendel test when running his experiments?
22
25
What were the 7 main characteristics of the garden pea that Mendel observed?
```
HEIGHT
SEED COLOR
SEED SHAPE
FLOWER COLOR
FLOWER POSITION
POD SHAPE
POD COLOR
```
26
Mendel first developed _____________________ strains
PURE BREEDING (HOMOZYGOUS)
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What is another name for "pure breeding"
HOMOZYGOUS
28
What is the P-GENERATION?
Parent Generation
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What is the F-1 Generation?
OFFSPRING FROM THE PARENTS
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What is the F-2 Generation?
OFFSPRING FORM THE OFFSPRING
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What is the expected genotypic ration from a monohybrid cross between 2 individuals heterozygous for one trait?
1:2:1
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What is the expected phenotypic ratio from a monohybrid cross between 2 individuals heterozygous for one trait?
3:1
33
What is the expected phenotypic ratio from a dihybrid cross between two individuals heterozygous for two traits?
9:3:3:1
34
What is the determined sex if there is a Y chromosome present?
MALE
35
What is the determined sex if there is the absence of a Y chromosome?
FEMALE
36
The __________________ carries additional genes besides the determination of sex
THE X-CHROMOSOME
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The ____________ DOES NOT carry additional genes
Y CHROMOSOME
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_______________ states that 2 alleles of one gene may mask the expression of another gene's alleles
EPISTASIS
39
_______________ are the outward expression of a person's genotype and environmental conditions
PHENOTYPES
40
The _____________ predicts the combined probabilities of independent events
MULTIPLICATION LAW
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What are the, " AND + AND" problems?
MULTIPLICATION LAW PROBLEMS
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"An individual of genotype AaBbCc is mated with an individual of genotype AABBCc. What fraction of their offspring will be AABbcc?
This is an example of what kind of problem
MULTIPLICATION LAW EXAMPLE
43
In _____________ problems, one must both multiply and add.
ADDITION LAW PROBLEMS
44
The _____________ problems are the "or" problems
ADDITION LAW
45
The ____________ predicts the combined probabilities of mutually exclusive events
ADDITION LAW
46
How do you solve addition law problems?
You have to figure out probability of the 1st event and then add it to the probability of the 2nd event
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"AaBbCCDdee is mated to AABBccDdEe. What is the possibility of having na offspring thqt is either AaBBCcDDee or AABbCcDdee?"
This is an example of what kind of problem?
ADDITION LAW PROBLEM
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A _______________ is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
MUTATION
49
What are the three possible results of mutations?
SILENT
HARMFUL
USEFUL
50
What are the three types of mutations?
BASE SUBSTITUTION
FRAMESHIFT MUTATION
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE MUTATION
51
A _____________ results in replacement of one amino acid by another in a protein sequence
BASE SUBSTITUTION MUTATION
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The _______________ mutation is the simplest kind of mutation
BASE SUBSTITUTION
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There is a wide range of results (harmless to destroyed protein function) in what kind of mutation?
BASE SUBSTITUTION MUTATION
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In a ________________ mutation, 1 or 2 nucleotide pairs are inserted into or deleted from the molecule altering the reading of a codon
FRAMESHIFT MUTATION
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In a _________________ mutation production of entirely new peptide chains begins after the mutation
FRAMESHIFT MUTATION
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What kind of mutation results in loss of enzyme/protein activity?
FRAMESHIFT MUTATION
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What kind of mutation occurs due to movement of transposons?
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE MUTATIONS
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____________________ mutations are large DNA sequences that jump into the middle of genes
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE MUTATIONS
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A ____________________ mutation can disrupt that gene and previously made genes to turn off or on.
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE MUTATION
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What are three main causes of mutations?
HOTSPOTS
PREVIOUSLY MUTATED GENES
MUTAGENS
61
What is a hotspot?
A region of DNA that have repeated nucleotides in sequence can cause DNA polymerase to slip
62
A ____________ is a region of DNA that has repeated nucleotides in sequence can cause DNA polymerase to slip
HOTSPOT
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What are some examples of mutagens?
RADIATION (X-RAYS, UV, GAMMA, COSMIC,)
CHEMICALS
CARCONOGENS
64
What is another name for "Non-Disjunction"?
ANEUPLOIDIES
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_________________ is the result of an abnormal meiotic division in which chromosomes fail to separate at anaphase
NON-DISJUNCTION
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The PRESENCE of an extra chromosome or the ABSENCE of a chromosome can be called what three things?
DISOMY
TRISOMY
MONOSOMY
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_________________ - normal condition- two of each kind
DISOMY
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_______________- extra chromosome- three of one kind
TRISOMY
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_____________- lacks one member of a pair of chromosomes
MONOSOMY
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What is another name for Trisomy 13?
PATAU SYNDROME
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In ________________ syndrome, there are multiple defects, most cases are not inherited, but occur as random events during the formation of reproductive cells
PATAU SYNDROME
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In _______________ most do not survive gestation and are spontaneously aborted. Typical death by age 3 months.
PATAU SYNDROME
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What is another name for Trisomy 18?
EDWARDS SYNDROME
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In __________________ Syndrome, additional chromosome usually occurs before conception. Ear deformities, heart defects, and muscle deformity.
EDWARDS SYNDROME
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In _________________ Syndrome, 50% do not survive gestation, and the typical death age is about 1 year.
EDWARDS
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What is another name for Trisomy 21?
DOWN SYNDROME
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__________________ Syndrome is a genetic disorder
DOWN SYNDROME
78
________________ syndrome results from males with two X chromosomes. (XXY)
KLINEFELTER SYNDROME
79
Small testes, produce few or no sperm, and are unusually tall.
These are signs of what syndrome?
KLINEFELTER SYNDROME
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In ____________________ syndrome there is only one X chromosome and no other
TURNER SYNDROME
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_________________ syndrome develops as females, both internal and external genital structures are underdeveloped
TURNER SYNDROME
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_________________ syndrome only occurs in females
TURNER SYNDROME
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The ________________ is a disorder that results in learning problems, delayed emotional maturity, speech/reading problems.
XXY KARYOTYPE
84
What was once thought "criminal tendencies"
XXY KARYOTYPE
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__________________ Syndrome results from the deletion of part of the #5 chromosome
CRI DU CHAT
86
In babies, this syndrome occurs in a cat-like cry due to abnormal larynx development
CRI DI CHAT SYNDROME
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In 80% of _____________ syndrome cases, deletion comes from the father's sperm
CRI DI CHAT SYNDROME
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_________________ results in a defect in amino acid metabolism
PKU
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In _________________, it inhibits the ability to metabolize Phenylalanine correctly
PKU
90
______________ damages the brain causing severe mental retardation, but appears normal at birth
PKU
91
What disorder results in sickle cells, abnormal hemoglobin molecules, slows blood flow, blocks small vessels, and anemia?
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
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_______________ is abnormally viscous mucus that clogs the respiratory passageways
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
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________________ makes it hard for the cilia to remove the mucus, thus becomes growth culture medium for other bacterial organisms
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
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50% of people with this disorder live into their twenties
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
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___________________ attacks the central nervous system, causing blindness, severe retardation, and death before 5 years of age
TAY SACH'S DISEASE
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_________________ takes an onset between 35-50 years of age
HUNTINGTONS DISEASE
97
_________________ results in severe mental and physical deterioration
HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE
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People with ________________ have a 50% chance of passing on the trait to any children, and there is not effective treatment to this disease
HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE
99
_________________ is a condition in which there is a lack of a blood clotting factor. Factor 8
HEMOPHILIA
100
In what condition is there severe bleeding from only a slight wound?
HEMOPHILIA
101
What sex is primarily affected from Red-Green Colorblindness?
MALES
102
What term means the "identity of chromosomes"?
KARYOTYPING
103
What are three ways to karyotype chromosomes?
LENGTH
BANDING PATTERN
LOCATION OF CENTROMERE
104
_______________ is the removing of cells in amniotic fluid to analyze
AMNIOCENTESIS
105
__________________ is the taking of cells from chorionic villi
CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING (CVS)
106
What are the two Sex-linked conditions?
HEMOPHILIA
| RED-GREEN COLORBLINDNESS
107
What is the Autosomal Dominant Condition talked about in the notetaker?
HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE
108
What are the Autosomal Recessive Conditions discussed in the notetaker?
PKU
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
TAY SACH'S DISEASE
109
What is the Deletion Condition discussed in the notetaker?
CRI DU CHAT SYNDROME
110
What are the Trisomic Conditions discussed in the notetaker?
TRISOMY 13- PATAU SYNDROME
TRISOMY 18- EDWARDS SYNDROM
TRISOMY 21- DOWN'S SYNDROME
111
What is the sex chromosome pair number?
PAIR # 23
112
What are the sex related disorders discussed in the notetaker?
KLINEFELTER SYNNDROM
TURNER SYNDROME
XXY KARYOTYPE
