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Biomacromolecules Flashcards

(114 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two types of nucleotides?

A

DNA

RNA

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2
Q

Where is DNA found in prokaryotic cells?

A

DNA is found on a single chromosome in the cytoplasm. RNA is found either in the cytoplasm or in the ribosomes.m

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3
Q

Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?

A

DNA is found in nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. RNA is found in the nucleus, cytoplasm and ribosomes.

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4
Q

Name all five nitrogenous bases

A 
Adenine
Guanine
Cyotsine
Thymine
Uracil
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5
Q

Which of the bases are purines

A

Adenine

Guanine

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6
Q

Which of the bases are pyrimidines

A

Thymine
Uracil
Cytocine

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7
Q

What are the bonds called that link two nucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester

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8
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

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9
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
deoxyribose

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10
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A
  • Source of energy
  • Storing energy
  • Structural
  • Chemical Reactions
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11
Q

Define monosaccharides

A

Sugars consisting of one sugar unit

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12
Q

Define disaccharides

A

Sugars composed of two sugar units

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13
Q

Define Polysaccharides

A

Polymer made of many monomers (sugars) linked together by glycosidic bonds

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14
Q

Difference between simple and complex carbohydrates

A

Simples is containing one or two sugar molecules and complex is many sugar units.

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15
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin

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16
Q

What are the two types of sugars?

A

Deoxyribose

Ribose

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17
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

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18
Q

What are nucleotides made up of?

A
  • Suagr
  • Base (Nitrogenous)
  • Phosphate Group
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19
Q

How many carbons are present on a sugar of a nucleotide.

A

5

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20
Q

Explain Lipid Formation

A

Lipids are formed when fatty acids combine with glycerol. When this happens a water molecule is released.

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21
Q

Functions of Lipids

A
  • Energy Storage
  • Components of cell membrane
  • Thermal Insulation
  • Specific biological roles e.g hormones, vitamins and co-enzymes.
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22
Q

Explain lipids solubility in water

A

Lipids are insoluble in water meaning they are non-polar and are hydrophobic.

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23
Q

Like dissolves ……………….?

A

Like

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24
Q

What are the polymers of bio macromolecules

A
  • Polysaccaharides
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
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25
What is a monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
26
Define Quaternary Structure
Multiple polypeptide chains e.g haemoglobin
27
Define Globular Proteins
Compact shape with random coils, irregular structure regions allow polypeptide chain to loop and fold.
28
List the four different structures of proteins.
Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
29
Define Fatty Acids
Hydrocarbon chains that usually contain an even number of carbon atoms.
30
What are proteins help together by?
Peptide Bonds
31
What is the structure of amino acids
- Amino Group (NH2) - Carboxly (COOH) - R Group
32
Name the three types of secondary structures
- Alpha Helix - Beta Pleated Sheets - Random coils
33
Explain the tertiary structure
- Also known as the confirmation shape it is a 3-D structure that has become this way due to coiling and folding - Single Polypeptide chain
34
What atoms are in lipids?
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
35
Define Fibourous Proteins
Repetitive structure with alpha helix and beta pleated sheets. e.g keratin
36
What atoms are in proteins
SPONCH
37
How many amino acids are there?
20 amino acids
38
What are amino acids
-Monomers for proteins
39
What are the elements that make up carbohydrates?
CHO
40
How many strands does DNA have?
2
41
How many strands does RNA have?
1
42
Function and example of glycolipid
Recognition sites on plasma membranes, e.g glycolipid
43
Function and example of steroids
Component of signalling molecules | e.g cholesterol, sex hormones
44
Functions of Proteins
``` Transport Enzymes Antibodies Contractile Proteins Hormones Exported Proteins Receptors Structural Proteins ```
45
Explain the R group in the amino acids
The R group is responsible for the chemical properties of the amino acids
46
List the three important amino acids
Proline Glycine Cystenine
47
A peptide vs a polypeptide
A peptide is a small number of amino acids A polypeptide is a large amount of amino acids
48
How are polypeptides formed?
Condensation polymerisation
49
Explain saturated fatty acids vs unsaturated
``` Unsaturated fatty acids have -a low melting point -usually liquid at room temperature -hydrocarbon chains are the same length Saturated fatty acids -solid at room temperature -high melting point -different lengths of hydro-carbon chains ```
50
What is the process called when polymers are joined and taken apart?
JOINING condensation polymerisation SEPERATING hydrolysis
51
Explain the primary structure of a protein
Chain of amino acids in a specific sequence joined by peptide bonds
52
Function and example of phospholipids
Structural component of plasma membrane | e.g phospholipids
53
Function and example of a triglyceride
Function: Energy storage | e.g fats and oils
54
Function of fatty acids and examples
Energy storage and sub-unit of other lipids | e.g stearin acid, Oleic acids
55
What type of molecule is water
Polar
56
What is the type of bonding between water molecules?
Hydrogen
57
Define hydrophobic substances
Substances that are insoluble and do not dissolve in water. they are known as non-polar substances. They can't form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules
58
Define hydrophilic substances
Molecules that are readily dissolved in water are polar molecules. They can dissolve due to their developments I. hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules.
59
How are monomers joined?
Condensation reactions
60
What is lost or gained in a condensation reaction
A water molecule is lost
61
What occurs in a hydrolysis reaction?
Bonds between monomers are broken
62
What is lost or gained in a hydrolysis reaction
A water molecule is added
63
Define Biomacromolecules
Large molecules that play a role in the structure and function of cells.
64
Define polymer
Small molecules in which are repetitively linked together to create long strands known as polymers.
65
Define a monomer
Repeating units that serve as the building blocks and sub-units of polymers
66
What elements make up carbohydrates?
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
67
Are monosaccharides soluble in water?
Yes
68
What type of sugar is glucose?
Monosacharide | Hexose
69
What is glucose used to make?
starch glycogen cellulose chitin
70
What type of sugars are ribose/deoxy
pentose
71
Bond that holds two monosaccahrides together
Glycosidic bond
72
What are the two types of polysaccracrides
Storage-Starch, glycogen (long unbrachned chain) | Structural- cellulose, chitin (branched polymers)
73
What is the role of starch?
Storage molecule in plants
74
Role of glycogen
Storage molecule in animals
75
Role of chitin
Can be found in the exskelton of some insects
76
What are the two types of glucose
alpha | beta
77
What is sucrose comprised of?
Glucose | Fructose
78
What is maltose comprised of
Glucose | Glucose
79
What is lactose comprised of
Glucose | Galactose
80
Characteristics of lipids
- insoluble - non-polar - hypdrophobic
81
What are phospholipids comprised of?
Two fatty acid tails with a glycerol head containing phosphate
82
Is a phospholipid hydrophobic or hydrophilic
Both one at either end
83
What is the role of waxes
- Solids at room temp | - Waterproof coating on leaves, skin, hair, feathes
84
What are fats and oils?
Triglycerides
85
What are triglycerides made up of?
Three fatty aci tails attached to one glycerol molecule
86
What compounds are steriods based off?
Chloesterol
87
What is the role of nucleic acids
Store information that determines how organisms develop and function.
88
What are the monomers of nuclei acids
nucleotides
89
What are the elements in nucleic acids
``` Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phospohrous ```
90
What is a nucleotide made up of
Pentose sugar Nitrogenous base Phosphate group
91
What is the DNA code
universal
92
What sugar does DNA have?
deoxyribose
93
What are the role of nucleic acids
Carry instructions for making proteins by determining the amino acid sequence of the protein produced at the ribosome.
94
DNA strands are.....
Antiparralelele
95
What are bases held together by
Weak hydrogen bonds
96
What is one nucloetide strand known as
a template strand
97
Define a gene
a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a particular protein
98
How is RNA synthesised
From a DNA template in a process known as transcription
99
What are the three forms of RNA
mRNA tRNA rRNA
100
What is the role of mRNA
Carries the DNA code to the rribosome for the purpose of making the desired protein
101
What is the role of tRNA
Carries amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis
102
What is the role of rRNA
Structural component of ribosomes
103
What joins when two nucleotides are joined together
-Phosphate group of one covalently bonds to the deoxyribose sugar of the next
104
What elements make up proteins
``` C H O N S ```
105
What are the monomer of polypeptides known as?
Amino acids
106
What are the three components that make up an amino acid?
- Amino group - Carboxly group - R group
107
What is the R group in amino acids resposinbile for?
Variation in the proteins and the final shape of them | Physical and chemical properties of the R group determines the characteristics of the amino acid
108
Where are hydrophilic amino acids and hydrophobi acids located
philic-surface | phobic-interior
109
What does condensation polymersation form?
Peptide bonds between amino group
110
what is the peptide bond?
CO-NH
111
What do the secondary structure of proteins consist of
Localised coiling and foling of segments in a polypeptide chain
112
How do the coils and folds hold between segments of the polypeptide chain in the secondary structure?
Hydrogen bonds
113
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
3-D structure also known as the confirmation shape due to coiling and foldinng
114
what types of bonding occur in the tertiary structure?
- ionic - hydrogen - disulfide - hydrophobic interactions

Biol (22 decks)

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