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From Flashcardlet > BioPsych. Ch. 2 > Flashcards

BioPsych. Ch. 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Caudal / Posterior

A

A directional term meaning toward the tail of a four-legged animal.

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1
Q

Rostral / Anterior

A

A directional term meaning toward the head of a four-legged animal.

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2
Q

Inferior / Ventral

A

A directional term meaning toward the belly of a four-legged animal.

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3
Q

Superior / Dorsal

A

A directional term meaning toward the back of a four-legged animal.

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4
Q

Neuraxis

A

An imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain.

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5
Q

Midline

A

An imaginary line dividing the body into two equal parts.

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6
Q

Ipsilateral

A

A directional term referring to structures on the same side of the midline.

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7
Q

Contralateral

A

A directional term referring to structures on the opposite side of the midline.

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8
Q

Medial

A

A directional term meaning toward the midline.

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9
Q

Lateral

A

A directional term meaning away from the midline.

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10
Q

Proximal

A

A directional term that means closer to center; usually applied to limbs; opposite of distal.

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11
Q

Distal

A

A directional term meaning father away from another structure, usually in reference to limbs.

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12
Q

Coronal Section

A

An anatomical section dividing the brain front to back, parallel to the face. Also known as a frontal section.

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13
Q

Saggital Section

A

An anatomical section that is parallel to the midline.

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14
Q

Midsaggital Section

A

A saggital section that divides the brain into two approximately equal halves.

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15
Q

Horizontal / Axial Section

A

An anatomical section that divides the brain from top to bottom.

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16
Q

Meninges

A

The layers of membranes that cover the central nervous system and the peripheral nerves.

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17
Q

Dura Mater

A

The outermost of the three layers of meninges, found in both the central and peripheral nervous system.

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18
Q

Arachnoid Layer

A

The middle layer of the meninges covering the central nervous system.

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19
Q

Pia Mater

A

The innermost of the layers of the meninges, found in both the central and peripheral nervous system.

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20
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

A space filled with cerebrospinal fluid that lies between the arachnoid and pia mater layers of the meninges in the central nervous system.

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21
Q

Meningitis

A

An infection of the meninges.

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22
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

The special plasmalike fluid circulating within the ventricles of the brain, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space.

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23
Q

Ventricle

A

One of four hollow spaces within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.

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24
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

The lining of the ventricles, which secretes the cerebrospinal fluid.

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25
Q

Central Canal

A

The small midline channel in the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid.

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26
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord.

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27
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

The nerves exiting the brain and spinal cord that serve sensory and motor functions for the rest of your body.

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28
Q

Spinal Cord

A

The long cylinder of nervous tissue extending from the medulla to the first lumbar vertebra.

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29
Q

Vertebral Column

A

The bones of the spinal column that protect and enclose the spinal cord.

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30
Q

Cervical Nerve

A

One oft he first eight spinal nerves that serve the area of the head, neck, and arms.

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31
Q

Thoracic Nerve

A

One of twelve pairs off spinal nerves that serve the torso.

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32
Q

Lumbar Nerve

A

One of the five spinal nerves serving the lower back and legs.

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33
Q

Sacral Nerve

A

One of the five spinal nerves that serve the back of the legs and the genitals

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34
Q

Coccygeal Nerve

A

The most caudal of the spinal nerves.

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35
Q

White Matter

A

An area of neural tissue primarily made up of myelinated axons.

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36
Q

Gray Matter

A

An area of neural tissue primarily made up of cell bodies.

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37
Q

Dorsal Horns

A

Gray matter in the spinal cord that contains sensory neurons.

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38
Q

Ventral Horns

A

Gray matter in the spinal cord that contains motor neurons.

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39
Q

Reflex

A

An involuntarily acton or response.

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40
Q

Patellar Reflex

A

The knee-jerk reflex; a spinal reflex in which tapping below the knee produces a reflexive contraction of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh, causing the foot to kick.

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41
Q

Withdrawal Reflex

A

A spinal reflect that pulls a body apart away from a source of pain.

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42
Q

Hindbrain

A

The most caudal division of the brain, including the medulla, pons and cerebellum.

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43
Q

Midbrain

A

The division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and forebrain.

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44
Q

Forebrain

A

The division of the brain containing the diencephalon and the telencephalon.

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45
Q

Brainstem

A

The lower two thirds of the brain, including the hindbrain and midbrain.

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46
Q

Myelencephalon / Medulla

A

The most caudal part of the hindbrain. Participates in functions of breathing, heart rate, blood pressure.

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47
Q

Metencephalon

A

The division of the hindbrain containing the pons and cerebellum.

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48
Q

Nuclei

A

Collections of the cell bodies that share a function.

49
Q

Reticular Formation

A

A collection of brainstem nuclei, located near the midline from the rostral medulla up into the midbrain, that regulate sleep and arousal.

50
Q

Pons

A

A structure located in the metencephalon between the medulla and midbrain; part of the brainstem located in the hindbrain. Forms connections between medulla, higher brain centers, and cerebellum. Cranial nerves.

51
Q

Cerebellum

A

A structure located in the metencephalon that participates in balance, muscle tone, muscle coordination, some types of learning, and possible higher cognitive functions in humans.

52
Q

Cochlear Nucleus

A

A nucleus found on the pons the receives information about sound from the inner ear,.

53
Q

Vestibular Nucleus

A

A group of cell bodies in the pons that receive input about the location and movement of the head from sensory structures in the inner ear. ( balance).

54
Q

Raphe Nuclei

A

Nuclei located in the pons that participate in the regulation of sleep and arousal.

55
Q

Locus Coeruleus

A

A structure in the pons that participates in arousal.

56
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Another term for midbrain, the division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and the forebrain.

57
Q

Tectum

A

The “roof,” or dorsal half, of the midbrain.

58
Q

Tegmentum

A

The “covering,” or vernal half of the midbrain.

59
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

The small channel running along the midline of the midbrain that connects the third and fourth ventricles.

60
Q

Periaqueductal Gray

A

Gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain that is believed to play a role in the sensation of pain.

61
Q

Red Nucleus

A

A structure located within the reticular formation that communicates motor information between the spinal cord and the cerebellum.

62
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Midbrain nuclei that communicate with the basal ganglia of the forebrain. Motor control.

63
Q

Superior Colliculi

A

A pair of bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain that coordinate visually guided movements and visual reflexes.

64
Q

Inferior Colliculi

A

A pair of bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain that process auditory information.

65
Q

Diencephalon

A

A division of the forebrain made up of the hypothalamus and the thalamus.

66
Q

Telencephalon

A

The division of the brain comprising the cerebral hemisphere.

67
Q

Cerebral Hemisphere

A

One of the two large, globular structures that make up the telencephalon of the forebrain.

68
Q

Thalamus

A

A structure in the diencephalon that processes sensory information, contributes to states of arousal, and participates in learning and memory.

69
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A structure found in the diencephalon that participates in the regulation of hunger, thirst. sexual behavior, and aggression; part of the limbic system.

70
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

A gland located just above out the roof of the mouth that is connected to the hypothalamus and serves as major source of hormones.

71
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

A collection of nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres that participate in the control of movement.

72
Q

Caudate Nucleus

A

One of the major nuclei that make up the basal ganglia.

73
Q

Putamen

A

One of the nuclei contained in the basal ganglia.

74
Q

Globus Pallidus

A

One of the nuclei making up the basal ganglia.

75
Q

Subthalamic Nucleus

A

A small nucleus, located ventral to the thalamus, that is part of the basal ganglia.

76
Q

Limbic System

A

A collection of forebrain structures that participate in emotional behavior and learning.

77
Q

Hippocampus

A

A structure deep within the cerebral hemisphere that is involved with the formation of long-term declarative memories; part of the limbic system.

78
Q

Amygdala

A

An almond-shape structure in the rostral temporal lobes that is part of the limbic system.

79
Q

Cingulate Cortex

A

A segment of older cortex just dorsal to the corpus callosum that is part of the limbic system.

80
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

A structure extending from the ventral surface of the brain that processes the sense of smell; part of the limbic system.

81
Q

Gyrus/Gyri

A

One of the “hills” on the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortex.

82
Q

Sulcus/Sulci

A

A “valley” in the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortex

83
Q

Fissure

A

A large sulcus.

84
Q

Lobe

A

One of the four major areas of the cerebral cortex: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.

85
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

The most rostral lobe of the cerebral cortex, separated from the parietal lobe by the central sulcus and from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus.

86
Q

Central Sulcus

A

The fissure separating the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex.

87
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

One of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex; located between the frontal and occipital lobes.

88
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

The lobe of the cerebral cortex lying ventral and lateral to the frontal and parietal lobes and rostral tot the occipital lobe.

89
Q

Lateral Sulcus

A

The fissure separating the temporal and frontal lobes of the cortex.

90
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

The most caudal lobe oft eh cortex; location of primary visual cortex.

91
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

The major fissure dividing the two cerebral hemispheres on the dorsal side of the brain.

92
Q

Sensory Cortex

A

An area of the cortex that is devoted to the processing of the sensory information.

93
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

An area of the sensory cortex located within the occipital lobe that provides the initial cortical precessing of visual information.

94
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

An area of the sensory cortex located within the temporal lobe that provides the initial cortical processing of sound information

95
Q

Postcentral Gyrus

A

The fold of parietal lobe tissue just caudal to the central sulcus; the location of the primary somatosensory cortex.

96
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

An area of the sensory cortex located within the parietal lobe that provides the highest level of processing for body senses such as touch, position, temperature, and pain.

97
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

An area if the cortex located within the frontal lobe that provides the highest level of command to the motor systems.

98
Q

Precentral Gyrus

A

The fold of frontal lobe tissue just rostral to the central sulcus; the location of the primary motor cortex.

99
Q

Association Cortex

A

Areas of the cortex that link and integrate sensory and motor information.

100
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

A wide band of axons connecting the right and left cerebral hemisphere.

101
Q

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

A

An area located at the top and sides of the frontal lobe that participates in executive functions such as attention and the planning of behavior.

102
Q

Orbitofrontal Cortex

A

An area of the frontal lobe located just behind the eyes involved in impulse control; damage to this area can produce some antisocial behavior.

103
Q

Frontal Lobotomy

A

A surgical procedure in which a large portion oft he frontal lobe is separated from the rest of the brain.

104
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

The peripheral nervous system division that brings sensory input to the brain and spinal cord and returns commands to the muscles.

105
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

The division of the peripheral nervous system that directs the activity of the glands, organs, and smooth muscles of the body.

106
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Twelve pairs of nerves that exit the brain as part of the peripheral nervous system.

107
Q

The Spinal Nerves

A 
31 pairs of spinal nerves exit the spinal cord to provide sensory and motor pathways to the torso, arms, and legs.
Mixed nerve (containing an afferent and efferent nerve).
108
Q

Afferent Nerve

A

A nerve that carries sensory information to the CNS.

109
Q

Efferent Nerve

A

A nerve that carries motor commands away from the CNS.

110
Q

Spinal Ganglion ( Dorsal Root )

A

A collection of cell bodies of afferent nerves located just outside the spinal cord.

111
Q

Biofeedback

A

A set of techniques that enable people to control typically unconscious or involuntary functions such as blood pressure.

112
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

The division of the automatic nervous system that coordinates arousal.

113
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous

A

Provides rest, repair,and energy storage.

114
Q

Sympathetic Chain

A

A string of cell bodies outside the spinal cord that receive input from sympathetic neurons in the central nervous system and that communicate with target organs.

115
Q

Natural Selection

A

The process by which favorable traits would become more common and unfavorable traits would become less common in subsequent generations due to differences among organisms in their ability to reproduce successfully

116
Q

Fitness

A

The ability of an organism with one genetic makeup to reproduce more successfully than organisms with other types of genetic makeup.

117
Q

Chordates

A

The phylum of animals that possess true brains and spinal cords. Also knows as vertebrates.

118
Q

Hominid

A

A primate in the family Hominidae, of which Homo sapiens is the only surviving member.

119
Q

Homo Sapiens

A

The species of modern humans.

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