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From Flashcardlet > BioPsych. Ch. 3 > Flashcards

BioPsych. Ch. 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Neuron

A

A cell of the nervous system that is specialized for information processing and communicating.

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1
Q

Action Potential

A

The nerve impulse arising in an axon. (Neural signals).

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2
Q

Glia

A

Cells in the nervous system that support the activities of neurons.

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3
Q

Organelle

A

A small structure within a cell that carries out a specific function.

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4
Q

Cell Body/Soma

A

The main mass of neuron, containing the nucleus and many organelles.

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5
Q

Axon

A

The branch of a neuron usually responsible for carrying signals to other neurons.

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6
Q

Dendrite

A

The branch of a neuron that generally receives information from other neurons.

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7
Q

Intracellular Fluid

A

The fluid inside a cell.

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8
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

The fluid surrounding a cell.

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9
Q

Permeability

A

A property of substance that determines the extent to which other substances may pass through it.

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10
Q

Ion Channel

A

The protein structure embedded in a cell membrane that allows ions to pass without the use of additional energy.

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11
Q

Ion Pump

A

The protein structure embedded in a cell membrane that uses energy to move ions across the membrane.

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12
Q

Ion

A

An electrically charged particle in solutions.

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13
Q

Voltage-Dependent Channel

A

An ion channel that opens or closes in response to the local electrical environment.

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14
Q

Ligand-Gated Channel

A

An ion channel in the neural membrane that responds to chemical messengers.

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15
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A

An ion pump that uses energy to transfer three sodium ions to the Extracellular fluid for every two potassium ions retrieved from the Extracellular fluid.

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16
Q

Calcium Pump

A

A protein structure embedded in the neutral membrane that uses energy to move calcium ions out of cells.

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17
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical messenger that transfers information across a synapse.

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18
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of filaments that provides the internal structure of a neuron.

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19
Q

Microtubule

A

The largest fiber in the cell cytoskeleton, responsible for the transport of neurotransmitters and other products to and from the cell body.

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20
Q

Anterograde Transport

A

Movement of materials front the cell body of a neuron to the axon terminal along the microtubules.

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21
Q

Retrograde Transport

A

Movement of material from the axon terminal back to the cell body via the cell’s system of microtubules.

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22
Q

Neurofilament

A

A neural fiber found in the cell cytoskeleton that is responsible for structural support.

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23
Q

Microfilament

A

The smallest fiber found in the cell cytoskeleton that may participate in the changing in the length and shape of axons and dendrites.

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24
Q

Nucleus

A

The substructure within a cell body that contains cells DNA.

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25
Q

Axon Hillock

A

The cone-shaped segment of the axon located at the junction of the axon and cell body that is specialized for the generation of action potentials.

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26
Q

Myelin

A

The fatty insulating material covering some axons that boosts the speed and efficiency of electrical signaling. Damage to myelin, demyelination of the nervous system results in MS.

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27
Q

Local Circuit Neuron

A

A neuron that communicates with neurons in its immediate vicinity.

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28
Q

Projection Neuron

A

A neuron with a very long axon that communicates with neurons in distant areas of the nervous system.

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29
Q

Collateral

A

One of the branches near the end of the axon closest to its targets.

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30
Q

Axon Terminal

A

The swelling at the tip if an axon collateral specialized for the release of neurotransmitters substances.

31
Q

Synaptic Vesicle

A

A small structure in the axon terminal that contains neurotransmitters.

32
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

The uncover section of the axon membrane between two adjacent segments of myelin.

33
Q

Unipolar Neuron

A

A neuron with one branch that extends a short distance from the cell body then splits into two branches.

34
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A

A neuron with two branches: one axon and one dendrite.

35
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

A neuron that has multiple branches, usually one axon and numerous dendrites.

36
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

A specialized neuron that translates incoming sensory information into electrical signals.

37
Q

Motor Neuron

A

A specialized neuron that communicates with muscles and glands.

38
Q

Interneuron

A

A neuron that serves as a bridge between sensory and motor neurons.

39
Q

Macroglia

A

Large glial cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells.

40
Q

Astrocyte

A

A large, star shaped glial cell of the central nervous system, responsible for structural and nutritional support, isolation of the synapse and keeping messengers from moving outside a restricted area, debris clean up- digesting dead neurons but leaving scar tissue, blood brain barrier, participate in chemical signaling.

41
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

A glial cell that forms the myelin on the central nervous system axons. Has many branches that wrap many adjacent neurons. Contribute to structural stability.

42
Q

Schwann Cell

A

A glial cell that forms the myelin on axons in the peripheral nervous system. Provides single myelin segment to only one peripheral axon. Help guide regrowth of damaged axons.

43
Q

Resting Potential

A

The measurement of the electrical charge across the neural membrane when the cell is not processing information. (-70mV).

44
Q

Diffusion

A

The force that moves molecules from the areas of high concentration to areas of low concentrations.

45
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

An unequal distribution in the concentration of molecules across a cell membrane.

46
Q

Electrical Force

A

The force that moves molecules with like electrical charges apart and molecules with opposite electrical charges together.

47
Q

Depolarization

A

The movement of an electrical charge within a cell in a more positive direction.

48
Q

Threshold

A

The level of depolarization at which an action potential is initiated.

49
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

The movement of the electrical charge within a cell in a more negative direction.

50
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

The period in which an action potential will not occur in a particular location of an axon regardless of input.

51
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

The period following an action potential in which larger than normal input will produce a second action potential but in which normal input will be insufficient.

52
Q

Propagation

A

The transmission of a wave through a medium; in neurons, it is the replication of the action potential down the length of the axon.

53
Q

Passive Conduction

A

The movement of an action potential down the length of an unmyelinated axon.

54
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

The movement of an action potential from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier, down the length of a myelinated axon.

55
Q

Chemical Synapse

A

A type of synapse in which messages are transmitted from one neuron to another by chemical neurotransmitters.

56
Q

Electrical Synapse

A

A type of synapse in which a neuron directly affects an adjacent neuron through the movement of ions from one cell to the other.

57
Q

Exocytosis

A

The process in which vesicles fuse with the membrane of the axon terminal and release neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic gap.

58
Q

Autoreceptor

A

Receptor sire located on the presynaptic neuron that provides information about the cell’s own activity levels.

59
Q

Receptor Site

A

A special protein structure embedded in neural membrane that responds to chemical messengers.

60
Q

Recognition Molecule

A

A molecule within a receptor site that binds to specific chemical messengers.

61
Q

Ionotropic Receptor

A

A receptor protein in the postsynaptic membrane in which the recognition site is located in the same structure as the ion channel.

62
Q

Metabotropic Receptor

A

A protein structure embedded in the postsynaptic membrane containing a recognition site and a G protein. Neurotransmitters binding to these receptors do not directly open ion channels.

63
Q

G Protein

A

A protein found on the intracellular side of a metabotropic receptor that separates in response to the binding of neurotransmitter substance and travels to adjacent areas of the cell to affect ion channels or second messengers.

64
Q

Second Messenger

A

A chemical within the postsynaptic neuron that is indirectly activated by synaptic activity and interacts with intracellular enzymes or receptors.

65
Q

Reuptake

A

A process for ending the action of neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap in which the presynaptic membrane recaptures the transmitter molecules.

66
Q

Transporter

A

A receptor in the presynaptic membrane that recaptures released molecules of neurotransmitters in the process of reuptake.

67
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential ( EPSP )

A

A small depolarization produced in the postsynaptic cell as a result of input from the presynaptic cell.

68
Q

Graded Potential

A

An electrical signal that can vary in size and shape.

69
Q

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

A

A small hyperpolarization produced in the postsynaptic cell as a result of input from the presynaptic cell.

70
Q

Neural Integration

A

The determination of whether to fire an action potential, based on the summation of inputs to a neuron.

71
Q

Temporal Summation

A

Neural integration in which excitation from one active synapse is sufficient to initiate the formation of an action potential.

72
Q

Axo-Axonic Synapse

A

A synapse in which both the presynaptic and postsynaptic elements are axons.

73
Q

Presynaptic Faciliation

A

At a synapse between two axons, the increase of neurotransmitters release by the postsynaptic axon as a result of input from the presynaptic axon.

74
Q

Presynaptic Inhibition

A

At a synapse between two axons, the decrease of neurotransmitter release by the postsynaptic axon as a result of input from the presynaptic axon.

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