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From Flashcardlet > BioPsych. Ch.10 > Flashcards

BioPsych. Ch.10 Flashcards

0
Q

Y Chromosomes

A

One of two types of sex chromosomes; individuals with a Y chromosomes will usually develop into males.

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1
Q

X Chromosome

A

One of two types of sex chromosomes; individuals with two X chromosomes will usually develop into females.

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2
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

A condition caused by an XO genotype, characterized by frequent abnormalities of the ovaries and infertility. Normal female external appearance and genitalia. Associated with short stature, skin folds in the neck and difficulty with spatial relations task. 1 out of 2,500 births. (Single X chromosome carries sufficient genetic material to produce individual who is quite normal in many ways). Lack of second chromosome has impact on fertility, growth and hormone production, higher risk of diabetes, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease.

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3
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

A conditioning in males caused by an XXY genotype, characterized by frequent problems with fertility, secondary sex characteristics, and verbal skills. 1.79 out of 1000 births. Require hormone therapy at puberty to develop facial hair, deep voice, development of external genitalia. Mild social awkwardness.

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4
Q

XYY Genotype

A

1 out of 1000 male births. Physical and behavioral correlates are typically subtle, maybe taller, and leaner, suffer from acne, minor physical abnormalities of the eye, elbow, and chest. IQ may be lower than males with XY.

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5
Q

Gonads

When?

A

The internal organs, ovaries in females and tastes in males, that produce reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) and secrete sex hormones. (1 of three processes in structural development, 6th week post conception male and female gonads are identical and develop into male or female at this time).

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6
Q

External Genitalia

A

The external sexual organs, including the penis and scrotum in males and the labia, clitoris, and lower third of the vagina in females.

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7
Q

Intersex

A

A condition in which elements of both male and female development occur in the same fetus.

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8
Q

Ovaries

A

Female gonads; the source of ova and sex hormones. ( including testosterone).

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9
Q

Testes

A

Male gonads; source of sperm and sex hormones.

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10
Q

Sex-Determining Region of the Y Chromosome (SRY)

When?

A

A gene located on the short arm of the Y chromosome that encodes for testis-determining factor. SRY is expressed at about 6th week post conception in male embryos.

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11
Q

Testis-Determining Factor

When?

A

A protein encoded by the SRY gene on the Y chromosome that turns the primordial gonads into testes. 6 weeks after conception.

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12
Q

Wolffian System

When?

A

The internal system that develops into seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and the prostate gland in males. (3rd month)

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13
Q

Mullerian System

When?

A

The internal system that developes into a uterus, fallopian tubes, and the upper two thirds of the vagina in the absence of anti-Mullerian hormone. (3rd month).

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14
Q

Testosterone

When?

A

An androgen produced primarily in the testes. Promotes development of the Wolffian system. (In males test. secretes in 3rd month).

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15
Q

Anti-Mullerian Hormone

When?

A

A hormone secreted by fetal testes that causes the degeneration of the Mullerian system. (3rd month).

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16
Q

Androgen

A

A steroid hormone that develops and maintains typically masculine characteristics.

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17
Q

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

A

A condition in which a genetic male fetus lacks androgen receptors, which leads to the development of female external genitalia and typically female gender identity and sexual behavior. XY genotype, female appearance, no male or female internal organs develop, shallow vagina, no uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries, female appearance. (Caused by defective gene). 1 in 60,000 male births.

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18
Q

Gender Identity

A

The sense of being male or female, independent of genetic sex or physical appearance.

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19
Q

5-Alpha Dihydrotestosterone

A

An androgen secreted by the testes that masculinizes the external genitalia.

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20
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

A

A condition in which a fetus is exposed to higher-than-normal androgens, resulting in masculinization of external genitalia and some cognitive behaviors in affected females. Males show few observable effects. Recessive heritable condition, enlarged clitoris, may have no vaginal opening, may describe themselves as a tomboy, may engage in bisexuality and lesbian behavior, more male interest play.

21
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Characteristics related to sex that appear at puberty, including deepening voice and facial hair growth in males and widening hips and breast development in females.

22
Q

Estrogen

A

A steroid hormone that develops and maintains typically female characteristics. Slows down skeletal growth.

23
Q

Estradiol

A

An estrogen hormone synthesized primarily in the ovaries.

24
Q

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

When?

A

A hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FHS) by the anterior pituitary gland. (Onset of puberty).

25
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

When?

A

A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the development of eggs in the ovaries and sperm in the testes. (Puberty).

26
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

A hormone release by the anterior pituitary that signals the male testes to produce testosterone and that regulates the menstrual cycle in females. (Puberty).

27
Q

5-Alpha-Reductase Deficiency

A

A rare condition in which a child is born with ambiguous genitalia but develops male secondary sex characteristics at puberty.

28
Q

Follicle

A

One of several clusters of cells in the ovary each of which contains an egg cell.

29
Q

Ovum

A

A female reproductive cell, or egg.

30
Q

Ovulation

When?

A

The process of releasing a mature egg from the ovary. (2 weeks after first day of menstruation).

31
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

A yellow mass of cells in the ovary formed by a ruptured follicle that has released an egg.

32
Q

Progesterone

A

A hormone produced in the corpus luteum that prevents the development of additional follicles and promotes the growth of the uterine lining.

33
Q

Premenstrual Syndrome

A

A condition in which some women experience physical and psychological symptoms immediately prior to the onset of menstruation.

34
Q

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

A

A condition in which premenstrual mood changes are unusually severe. (Depression, changes in appetite, impaired cognitive performance).

35
Q

Postpartum Depression

A

A condition in which mothers who have recently given birth experience feelings of depression due to their rapidly changing hormonal environment. (10-15% of women experience this within one year of delivery of baby). (Highest at risk are, uneducated, young, un married, poor, physically abused, smokers).

36
Q

Sex hormones

A

Females- testosterone and adrenal glands are source of sexual interest. Perform higher on verbal tasks with estrogen but higher on spatial tasks on testosterone. Estrogen protective effect on memory and verbal memory.

Males- testosterone increases in anticipation of a competition, increase in winners decreases in losers. Observing increased test. Test. Is not strong predictor of young mans sexual frequency but it us for older men. Men in marriages have lower levels of test. than single or divorced men.

37
Q

Sexual orientation

A
  1. High levels of prenatal androgens may influence ear structure and sexual orientation of the lesbian and bisexual women.
  2. lesbian women show a more masculine pattern of finger length suggesting higher levels of testosterone.
  3. men who have older brothers are slightly more likely to be gay than men with no siblings, younger siblings or older sisters.
  4. INAH-3 in the hypothalamus was 2-3 times larger in heterosexual men than in homosexual men
38
Q

Preferred features

A

Women- youthful, delicate jaw, full lips, and wide set eyes. These women represent fertility. Men- masculine, square jaws, testosterone related facial features. Masculine men represent good genes, healthy immune system to pass on to young. Men with lower testosterone, less masculine, are more likely to be in long term relationships. Happiest married couples are those where the wife is rated as significantly more attractive than her husband.

39
Q

Estrus

A

A regularly occurring period of sexual desire and fertility in some mammals.

40
Q

Anabolic Steroid

A

Synthetic version of testosterone that builds muscle strength and mass, improves recovery time following muscle damage. Side effects- acne, lower voice, hair loss or growth, clitoris or penis enlargement, enlarged breasts in males, high blood pressure, kidney disease.

41
Q

Sexually Dimorphic

A

Displaying structural differences between the sexes.

42
Q

Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus of the POA (SDN-POA)

A

A nucleus in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus that is larger in male rats that in female rats.

43
Q

Interstitial Nuclei of the Anterior Hypothalamus (INAH)

A

A collection of four small nuclei in the anterior hypothalamus, two of which (INAH-2 and INAH-3) appear to be sexually dimorphic. The size of INAH-3 might be associated switch male sexual orientation.

44
Q

Spinal Nucleus of the Bulbocavernousus (SNB)

A

Motor neurons in the spinal cord that innervate the male rat’s bulbocavernousus muscles in the penis.

45
Q

Aromatization

A

A chemical reaction resulting in an aromatic compound, characterized by a six-carbon ring; for example, the enzyme aromatase transforms testosterone into estradiol.

45
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Gene

A

A gene that encodes our immune system’s ability to recognize intruders; might account for female human preferences for male odors. Find a mate with a MHC profile that is as different as possible from your own so it will result in the best immune system for your children.

46
Q

Alpha Fetoprotein

A

A substance circulated by rats that deactivates estradiol and prevents maternal estradiol from masculinizing female pups.

46
Q

Oxytocin

A

A hormone, released by the posterior pituitary gland, that stimulates uterine contractions, releases milk, and participates in social bonding, including romantic love and parenting behavior.

47
Q

Monogamy

A

The custom of having one mate at a time or for life.

48
Q

Erectile Dysfunction

A

The inability to get and maintain an erection long enough for satisfactory sexual activity.

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