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Exotics > Birds > Flashcards

Birds Flashcards

1
Q

What causes metabolic bone disease in birds?

A

HypoCa due to nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

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2
Q

What are the main Sx of metabolic bone disease in birds?

A 
Muscle fasciculations
Weakness
Tremors 
Pathological fractures
Bone growth deformities
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3
Q

Other than nutritional causes of metabolic bone disease, what are the two other potential causes in birds

A

UV-b

Chronic egg laying

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4
Q

What is the pathogenesis of hepatic lipidosis in birds

A

Accumulation of triglycerides in the liver secondary to other conditions

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5
Q

What are the main risk factors for hepatic lipidosis in birds

A 
High fat or high protein diet
Overfeeding neonates
Nutrient deficiency 
Reduced exercise
Hereditary 
Active egg laying 
DM
Stress
Thyroid disease 
Obesity
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6
Q

What are the main Sx of hepatic lipidosis in birds

A

Dyspnoea
Poor liver function
Generally a sick bird

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7
Q

How does DM differ in raptors cf. psittacine birds

A

Raptors - absolute lack of insulin production = hyperglycaemia

Psittacines - elevated blood glucose related to overproduction glucagon cf. underproduction of insulin

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8
Q

How is DM Tx in birds

A

Low carb diet with exogenous insulin to override the effects of ++ glucagon

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9
Q

In which bird spp is thyroid disease common

A

Budgies

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10
Q

What is the main Sx of a testicular sertoli tumour in a budgie

A

Brown hypertrophy of the cere

Lameness on the affected side due to sciatic nerve impingement

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11
Q

What are salt gland and which exotic spp are they seen in

A

Seen in birds

Extra renal pathway for salt excretion when ++ NaCl has been consumed

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12
Q

What is the excretory product of birds urinary system

A

Uric acid

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13
Q

How does gout occur in birds

A

Uric acid = end stage protein metabolism
Levels in blood exceed solubility threshold = uric acid crystals = deposited on surface of internal organs and within joints

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14
Q

How is gout Tx in birds

A

aggressive fluid therapy
Diuretics
Dietary modification

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15
Q

What does egg yolk Peritonitis occur secondary to in birds

A

Ectopic ovulation - infundibulum of salpinx is not attached to ovary - ovulated eggs can go astray

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16
Q

What is chronic egg production in birds due to

A

Over nutrition
Over bonding with owner
Early egg removal
Extended photoperiod

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17
Q

What condition is a common sequel to reproductive disease in Male and female birds

A

Cloacal prolapse

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18
Q

What is the most common URT disease in birds

A

Sinusitis

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19
Q

How can sinusitis be Dx in birds

A

Facial / nares region deformed with periocular swelling
Oculonasal discharge
Dyspnoea

20
Q

What is the main pathogen that causes LRT disease in birds

A

Aspergillosis

21
Q

How might a bird with aspergillosis present

A

Dyspnoea
Inappetence
Lethargy
Reluctance to fly or perch

22
Q

How is aspergillosis Tx in birds

A

Intensive initial stabilisation
Anti-fungal medication
Consider euth - only 50% survive
Antibiotics - secondary infection common

23
Q

What anti-fungal medication for Tx of aspergillosis is contraindicated in grey parrots, name a suitable alternative

A

Itraconozole

Alternative = voriconazole

24
Q

What causes Teflon toxicity in birds

A

Inhalation of fluoridated has produced when PTFE is heated above 240 degree e.g. cooking, ironing

25
Q

What does Teflon toxicity in birds cause and what are the main Sx

A

Causes pulmonary oedema, haemorrhage and necrosis

Sudden death
Weak
Dyspnoea
Neuro Sx

26
Q

What is conjunctivitis in birds associated with

A

Psittacosis or mycoplasmosis
Excess UV exposure
Irritants
Resp Disease

27
Q

What is acute blindness in budgies related to

A

Pituitary neoplasia

28
Q

What is the cause of hypovitaminosis A in birds

A

Seed diet without supplementation

29
Q

What can be the causes of feather destructive behaviour in birds

A

Medical causes - sexual frustration
Environmental causes - boredom
Psychogenic causes

30
Q

What is the main DDX for feather destructive behaviour in birds

A

Psittacine beak and feather disease

31
Q

In which birds is pododermatitis (bumblefoot) most common

A

Raptors

32
Q

What is the cause of pododermatitis (bumblefoot) in birds

A

Husbandry related - obesity, inactivity, hypovitaminosis A, inappropriate perch

33
Q

What is wing tip oedema and when does it occur in birds

A

Dry gangrene syndrome

During winter and is triggered by period of cold / freezing weather

34
Q

How do birds with wing tip oedema present

A

Dropped and tip is swollen / cold with pitting oedema

35
Q

How can the preen gland become diseased in birds

A

Impacted with secretions
Infected
Neoplastic change in ducts or glands

36
Q

How does preen gland disease present in birds

A

Mass or area of clumped feathers

37
Q

What is scissor beak in birds?

A

Abnormal beak occlusion congenital or secondary to trauma or disease

Often see in young birds where they have been fed from one side only

38
Q

What are the main sources of heavy metal toxicity in birds

A

Zinc = new cage disease, absorbed into gut, damages pancreas

Lead = cage toys, environmental, absorbed in gut and retained in soft tissues

39
Q

What are the main Sx of heavy metal toxicity in birds

A 
Depression
Weakness
V+ or D+
PUPD
Anorexia
Seizures
Haemoglobinuria with lead poisoning
40
Q

What is psittacosis in birds

A

Caused by chlamydia psittaci
Resp Sx and D+
Zoonotic

41
Q

What is the Tx for psittacosis in birds

A

Doxycycline

42
Q

What are the four viral diseases of pet birds that are notifiable

A

West Nile virus
Avian influenza
Newcastle disease
Pigeon paramyxovirus

43
Q

What virus causes Psittacine beak and feather disease

A

Corcovirus

44
Q

What Sx does clinical psittacine beak and feather disease cause

A

Lack of powder / feather dander
Abnormal feather formation
Feathers easily epilated and grow back slowly
Secondary infections

45
Q

What is proventricular dilation Disease in birds

A

Progressive fatal disease affecting the autonomic nervous system of the gut caused by avian bornavoris = macaw wasting Disease

46
Q

How might chicks with polyoma Virus infection present

A 
Crop stasis
Ecchymotic SC haemorrhage 
Coelomic distention due to hepato and splenomegaly 
Abnormal feather production
Pericardial effusion
Sudden death

Exotics (5 decks)

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