black civil rights part 3

Question 1

MOST IMPORTANT NAACP MAJOR CASES

Answer 1

-1926 sweet trial
-1938 Gaines Vs Canada
-1948 shelly v kraemar
-1954 brown vs board of education

Question 2

1926 sweet trial

Answer 2

Dr sweet and family moved to white area in detroit 1925- house surrounded by angry white mob for 2 nights
-2nd night sweets friend shot into crown and shot young man
-men in house put on trial for murder but NAACP won

Question 3

1938 Gaines Vs Canada

Answer 3

supreme court orders university of missuri to take black students

NAACP case

Question 4

1948 shelly v kraemar

Answer 4

banned regulations that stopped black peoples from buying houses in an area in any state

Question 5

direct action 40s and 50s

Answer 5

-stepped up and marches occurrig more

-CORE (series of sit ins in northern cities) chicago 1942, St Louis 1949, Baltimore 1952- to desegregate public facilities

-CORE and Fellowship for Reconciliation: rode interstate buses through southern states vurginia, north carolina, tenessee and Kentucky to desegregate them

Question 6

what was brown II AND when was it

Answer 6

1955
It amended Brown V Board of Education by saying schools had to be desegregated with ‘all deliberate speed’

Question 7

CORE sit in 40s and 50

Answer 7

-northern cities sit ins to desegregate public facilities

-chicago 1942
-st louis 1949
-baltimore 1942

Question 8

CORE and Fellowship for Reconciliation

Answer 8

1947
rode interstate buses through southern states vurginia, north carolina, tenessee and Kentucky to desegregate them

Question 9

when was core set up

Answer 9

1942 James Farmer established the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).

Question 10

rules for non violent protest

Answer 10

-dress to appear respectable
-not loud
-not allowed to fight back

Question 11

Montgomery bus boycott

Answer 11

1955
-people saw brutality i media
brought a shift in civil rights in terms of public attention

EVENTS
-Rosa parks arrested for sitting front of a bus refusing to give her seat to a white male

-NAACP lawyers took her case

-next day MIA (montgomery improvement association) set up, MLK was leader

MIA handed out leaflets, held meetings and organised other travel methods
-5th Dec bus boycott began (impactful as over 75% of bus users were black and 90% of them boycotted-lasted 380 days)

-meduia attention grey when king and NAACP leader ed nixons houses were bombed, and black protesters still stuck to non violent methods
-gov imprisoned MLK and others for conspirtacy boycott continued
-1556 bus segregation ruled unconstitutional

Question 12

consequences of montgomery bus boycott

Answer 12

set up MIA, led birmingham campaigns and led washington marches

King imprisoned

did harden a sense of racial divide in a way

violence lasted several years and was slow

king propelled into limelight

Question 13

percentage of black bus users before boycott in Montgomery

Answer 13

75% were black and 90% of them boycotted so impactful-lasted 380 days

Question 14

when was bus segregation ruled unconstitutional

Answer 14

1956

Question 15

Martin Luther King Jr CHARACTERISTICS AND TACTICS

Answer 15

-good public speaker
-media conscious
-became face of black civil rights
-bravery despite intense opposition (house was firebombed)

-Uses non violence
-refined non violent protest rules

Question 16

influence of MLK on other groups

Answer 16

-other groups adopted his non violent protest tactics (e.g CORE and SNCC)

-SNCC, set up by young people based sit ins on his tactics

Question 17

MLK and the SCLC (southern christian leadership conference)

Answer 17

-Set up SCLC in 1957

-operated mainly in the south

-rooted in christian moral values

-aimed to end segregation and increse black voting

-led birmingham campaign

-one of organisers of march on washington

-criticised by younger activists (SNCC)

Question 18

MLK key successes

Answer 18

-montogomery bus boycott- crucial civil rights victory, turning point

-inspired tactics of core and SNCC

-SNCC set up by young people, based sit ins off of his non violent tactics

-set up SCLC

-influenced two major civil rights acts (1964 civil rights act, 1965 voting rights act)

Question 19

MLK key failures

Answer 19

-focused on legislation for desegregation and votings rights- not much involvement in socio-economic issues (e.g after his death unemployment still higher for black people)

-Blamed for deaths of protestors at selma

–SNCC grew increasingly violent and criticised him

Question 20

MLK key campaigns

Answer 20

Montgomery bus boycott

-birmigham campaign

-selma march

-march on Washington

Question 21

Little Rock, Arkansas

Answer 21

-southern campaign to desegregate education

-1952

EVENTS
-racist governer Faubus didnt want integrated schools

-1957, nine black children selected by daisy bates NAACP leader to go to all white school

-on their first day
faubus sent national guard to stop them goiung ‘For their safety’

-8 children went by car with the NAACP organiser and 1 went on own (elizabeth eckford), surrounded by screaming mob, many taunted and shouted ‘lynch her’

-mass media publicity

king organised a meeting with eisenhower

-eisenhower reluctantly sent federal troops to guard chilfren

-faubus maintained trying to prevent desegregation, closed the school after a year but this failed and the school became integrated

Question 22

How did the campaigns for civil rights change in the early 1960s?

Answer 22

introduction of new liberalism lead to counter culture and uprise in student protests

SNCC set up

students began a sit-ins

Sit-ins soon spread to more than 100 cities and 2000 protestors were arrested by police. These actions were seen on television sets all over the USA.

Question 23

SNCC

Answer 23

-SET UP 1960

-Racially integrated organisation of young people

-took training sessions on how to cope with violence from whites during protests

-protested in areas that were expected to have a violent reaction, took kings ideas a step further

-encouraged voter registration by sending ‘field secretaries’ to live and work in violent parts of south, encouraging voter registration

Question 24

Freedom rides

Answer 24

1961

-CORE and SNCC carried out freedom rides in south (organised by james farmer- CORE) to test if bus restroom facilities were actually desegregated after 1961 supreme court ruling

-7 blacks and 6 whites left washington on two public buses heading for Deep South
-first 2 buses were attacked

-in Alabama a bus was firebombed after being chased by 50 cars inc police

-imprisoned in Birmingham and beaten up in montgomery- 3 were killed but others kept on riding

Question 25

Greensboro sit in (southern)

Answer 25

-1960 -4 black students went to all white resteraunt in woolworths and waited there until store shut -next day returned with 30 others (nearly all seats occupied by black students)-screamed at and food thrown on them -promptrd more people in south to copy Greensboro example (by february 7th there were 54 sit ins emerged in south in 15 cities and 9 states)

Question 26

March on washington

Answer 26

-1963 -aimed to encourage civil rights bill and executive action to increase black employment -SCLC, SNCC, CORE, NAACP worked all together -250,000 marched (50,000 white)

Question 27

achievements of march on washington

Answer 27

-forced kennedy to start working on civil rights bill -positive media coverage (sympathy gained, enhanced by observed white support) -shown across world -MLK ‘i have a dream’ speech -civil rights leaders began working closely w gov -demnstration of unity between whites and blacks

Question 28

Birmigham campaign

Answer 28

-1963 -nicknamed bombingham, due to extent at which black homes were bombed -birmigham was a KKK STRONGHOLD, KNOWN AS AMERICAS WORST CITY FOR RACISM -King AND SCLC led campaign to desegregate town (knew it would provopke violence) -a tactic was to get as many arrested as possible to overrun jails (This was achieved by the end of the month) -racist chief of police ‘bull’ connor ordered men to use high pressure hoses and dogs (on women and children also) -may 1963 an agreement was announced: desegregation of lunch counters, restrooms, water fountains, store fitting rooms, hiring of black salesmen and clerks in 90 days- and everyone to be released from jail

Question 29

freedom summer

Answer 29

1964 (an election year) SNCC and CORE pushed for voter registration, sent large numbers of volunteers to south (esp. Mississippi) due to literacy tests only 6.2% were already registered -500 protesters in this campaign who were black and white -17,000 registered to vote but only 1600 accepted -campaign for freedom schools resulted in KKK fireboming 20 african american homes and churches -2 white 1 black volutneer found dead and beaten, by summer 3 more murders and 35 shooting incidents

Question 30

1965 voting rights act

Answer 30

allowed all citizens to vote, outlawed any restrictions

Question 31

impact of black militancy

Answer 31

-SNCC changed face of campaignand advocated black militancy -malcom X

Question 32

Malcom X

Answer 32

-born in Michigan -family terrorised by KKK and father murdered -moved to NYC in 1952 where he joined the nation of islam (Black muslim group) -advocated violence in self defence and thought white people shouldnt be involved -first to stir up black militancy nationwide his dad followed Marcus Garvey, an early black separatist -assassinated 1965 after having had meetings with king that started to shift his radicalisation

Question 33

How was Malcolm X shifting in his beliefs before his assassination in 1965?

Answer 33

- he and King met in 1964 and he wanted to encourage white people to change their minds.

Question 34

Black power movement

Answer 34

-1965 movement split, not a coherant force -1965 stokely Carmichel set up Lowndes Country Freedom organisation as he didnt want to vote for white southerners -wanted radicalisation and replaced ‘freedom’ slogan to black power -notion of raised arm and clenched fist seen in 1968 olympics

Question 35

stokely Carmichael

Answer 35

leader of SNCC set up Lowndes Country Freedom organisation as he didnt want to vote for white southerners -wanted radicalisation and replaced ‘freedom’ slogan to black power

Question 36

BLACK PANTHERS 1966

Answer 36

-Identified by panther symbol -worked in black communities keeping order and organising community projects, mostly worked on this local level -wore uniform and carried guns -10 point programme -based on idea of black power (subsequentally radicalised many civil rights groups) -push for qual jobs pay and opportunities -ideas behind black power radicalised many of the long established civil rights groups

Question 37

Northern Crusade

Answer 37

1966 -King focused on north post 1964 -crusade to improve slums (and working conditions and teaching of non violent protests) after 20 slum riots in 1966 summer -focus on chicago as 800,000 in ghettos -arguable fail as brought no permenant change and damaged kings relationship with media as he accussed them of twisting non-violent wording

Question 38

failures of northern crusade .

Answer 38

Didn’t end slum-living and the legislation didn’t give equal opportunity to black people. MLK was assassinated here in 1968

Question 39

successes of northern crusade

Answer 39

LBJ signed the ‘Fair Housing Act’ on April 11th, 1968. It was able to raise awareness for civil rights issues in the North.

Question 40

did kennedy have limited success regarding civil rights

Answer 40

FAILURES He was ready to compromise over the treatment of the Freedom Riders and protesters in Birmingham. He needed to keep Southern Democrats ‘on-side’ rather than risk losing his chances of re-election. civil rights was by no means the only major issue that Kennedy was having to tackle. The little matters of Cuba, Berlin and the build up in Vietnam were all demanding his attention. SUCCESS The Kennedys used federal marshals to protect campaigners and enforced the integration of interstate transport. e.g Federal marshals were sent in to protect James Meredith when he attempted to enrol at the University of Mississippi.

Question 41

Why was the Civil Rights Act passed in 1964?

Answer 41

MARCH ON WASHINGSTON LBJ LBJ was able to persuade Congressmen to support civil rights, was experienced, not a new comer unlike kennedy He was a Southerner who understood and was able to counter the point of view of Southern Democrats. He had been a teacher and understood the impact that segregation could have on black Americans. When all else failed, he was prepared to threaten and bully opponents and used his height and weight to good effect in interviews.

Question 42

provisions of the 1964 civil rights act

Answer 42

Segregation in public places and facilities was banned. The desegregation of schools was to be speeded up by the intervention of the Attorney General. Discrimination in the hiring, firing and paying of workers on the basis of racial, gender or religious discrimination was prohibited.

Question 43

what was the selma march and why did king organise it

Answer 43

EVENTS Many black Americans had been prevented from registering to vote in Selma. He used the same tactics as in Birmingham in 1963 and forced the local police chief to overreact and attack protesters. King went on to organise a march from Selma to Montgomery, the state capital, to publicise the difficulty of registering. The first attempt to hold the march failed when police attacked the marchers. King called off the second attempt, but the third attempt but was a great success. OUTCOME LBJ was persuaded to introduce the Voting Rights Bill, which became law in 1965. Any attempt to prevent black Americans from voting was made illegal.

Question 44

failure of naacp

Answer 44

They won some cases in the 30s and 40s, and EVERY case in the 50s But OFTEN the Supreme curt didn't enforce its rulings or didn't set time limits for desegregation (e.g. 1954 Brown v Board of Education which desegregated schools -> 10 years after the ruling, only 1 in every 100 black children were in an integrated school)