immigration

Question 1

what were earlier attitudes to immigration pre WW1

Answer 1

-‘open door policy’ pre ww1
-embraced immigrants
-they worked in cities and joined stream of industrialisation migrants

Question 2

what was the Dillingham commission and when was it

Answer 2

-1907-11 (investigated impact of immigration from 1907 and report was in 1911)

-decided immigration posed a serious threat to american society and culture

-distingiuished ‘old’ immigrants (England, Ireland and Germany) and new immigrants (southern and Eastern Europe-racially inferior and not adapting to life in the USA)

-this commission was used to justify immigration acts in 20s

Question 3

when was the immigration restriction league and when was it established

Answer 3

-1884
-their bill for literacy test for voting for immigrants passed in 1917
-members included politicians in senate

Question 4

what caused changing attitudes to immigration post ww1

Answer 4

-Post war isolationism (increased xenophobia and contact with world)

-first red scare (1919-20), fear of immigrants being communist

-spike of unemployment and housing shortage

-dillingham commission

-ideas of racial purity, they were ‘un-american’, religious differences (protestant vs catholic)

Question 5

what were the effects and reactions of immigration upon society and urban life

Answer 5

• competition increased for employment and housing

-south american immigration took up cheap labour

-employers exploited ‘illegal’ immigrants

URBAN LIFE
-roaring 20’s and economic boom needed workers, immigrants became a significant factor in this

-segregation in urban areas, districts for ethnic groups

-by 1920 there Irish politicians, lawyers and policemen in BOSTON and Italian ones in NY

-new arrivals were ‘bottom of the heap’ and took worst and cheapest lavbour

-immigrants votes important in Roosevelts election

Question 6

What happened to south american (Mexico) immigration in the 1920s

Answer 6

• South American immigration increased in late 1920s to fill cheap labour like mining and agriculture

Question 7

who did employers take advantage of in the 1920’s

Answer 7

-some immigrants were ‘official’ (registered in Bureau of immigration) and others were ‘illegal’

-employers took advantage of illegal ones

Question 8

1917 immigration act

Answer 8

• a list of immigrants to exclude from the country which included criminals and homosexuals
• imposed a literacy test

-imposed by immigration restriction league

Question 9

what were the 1920s immigration acts

Answer 9

-1917 immigration act (lists undesirable immigrants and imposed literacy tests)

-1921 Emergency quota act (yearly number of immigrants set to 3% of population)

-1924 Johnson reed immigration act (changed 1921 emergency quota system to 2%)

-1929 national origins formula (confirms 100,000 limit on immigrants and banned asian immigrants altogether)

Question 10

1921 Emergency quota act

Answer 10

yearly number of immigrants set to 3% of population

Question 11

1924 Johnson reed immigration act

Answer 11

changed 1921 emergency quota system to 2%

Question 12

1929 national origins formula

Answer 12

confirms 100,000 limit on immigrants and banned asian immigrants altogether

Question 13

how did immigration in the 1920’s impact Ford workers

Answer 13

-1924 ford told times newspaper that 70% of their workers were foreign born

-ford tried to ‘americanise’ immigrant workers by teaching English and the need for patriotism

Question 14

what was the impact of WW2 on immigrants

Answer 14

-xenaphobia: japanese, Italians and germans classed as enemy aliens

-japenese treated the worst due to pearl harbour, 120,000 shut up in internment camps (75% of Us japanese population) and their belongings were confiscated

-businesses owned by ‘enemy aliens’ were vandalised

-BUT at same time immigrants volunteered for Us army

Question 15

What was the Sacco and Vanzetti case and how does it link the Red Scare to anti-immigrant sentiment?

Answer 15

-two Italian immigrant anarchists were arrested and tried for a murder which the judge admitted they might not have committed

-1921

sentenced to death, people across the world protested but such was the anti-immigrant paranoia that they were executed

Question 16

government policy towards immigrants post ww2

Answer 16

-1952 immigration and nationality act

-forced to change to allow communist refugees in Cold War (variety of refugee acts out side 1952 quota)

CUBAN REFUGEE PROGRAM-
established in 1961, was created to aid Cuban asylum seekers who were fleeing the aftermath of the Cuban Revolution and the subsequent communist regime led by Fidel Castro
CASTRO 1959
-gov had to hope with 200,000 cubans fleeing to the US

Question 17

CUBAN REFUGEE PROGRAM

Answer 17

CASTRO 1959
-gov had to hope with 200,000 cubans fleeing to the US

Question 18

gov policy and attitudes towards immigrants in 60’s

Answer 18

-people became more accepting and European immigration slowed

-asian immigration doubled as a result of Vietnam war-as communism was spread more legislation was passed to take refugees

Question 18

1952 immigration and nationality act

Answer 18

imposed a racialized immigration quota system

reinfoced 1929 national origins formula

Question 19

how was JFK oppossed to the 1952 immigration and nationality act quota system and what did he do in response

Answer 19

-Roosevelt oppossed to the 1952 immigration and nationality act quota system

-pressed for changes which were only made after he died in the 1965 immigration and nationality act which abandoned quotas

Question 20

overview of asian immigration after 1965

Answer 20

-applied in large numbers for entery afer 1965 immigration and nationality act
-asian immigration (esp vietnam and cambodia) quadrupled
-mainly due to vietnam war

-1975, after fall of Saigon there were 130,000 vietnam refugees
-as communism spread more legislation passed to take refugees

-1985, over 700,000 refugees (changing ethnic makeup of cities)

Question 21

overview on central and southern immigration

Answer 21

-immigration laws didnt apply to western hemisphere (Mexico)

-1954 immigration and neautralisation service: controlled numbers by deporting illegal immigrants from southern and western states (OPERATION WETBACK)

-1976, 20,000 limit of hispanic immigration due to number of hispanic immigrants (didnt stop imm9grants and created a wave of people crossing the border illegally)

Question 22

what was the limit of hispanic immigration reduced to in 1976

Answer 22

1976, 20,000 limit of hispanic immigration due to number of hispanic immigrants (didnt stop imm9grants and created a wave of people crossing the border illegally)

Question 23

what was operation wetback

Answer 23

1954 immigration and neautralisation service: controlled numbers by deporting illegal immigrants from southern and western states (OPERATION WETBACK)

Question 24

1954 immigration and neutralisation service

Answer 24

-deported illegal immigrants (operation wetback) -border was protected with electric fences/gaurds

Question 25

illegal immigration overview

Answer 25

-1954 immigration and neautalisation service:operation wetback9deporting immigrants) and protecting the border -largest proportion of illegal immigrants were from mexico (in 70s there were 60,000 a year) -went to work in agriculture in factories (mostly in texas and California) -in 1970s 645,000 jobs were created in LA and 1/3 were taken by Mexicans -1980: 1 million illegals found and deported but many protected by corrupt employers

Question 26

how many illegal immigrants from mexico were there per year in the 70s. How many illegal immigrants were calculated mid 70s

Answer 26

60,000 a year 7m illegal immigrants calculated mid 70s

Question 27

how many jobs were made in LA in 1970s and who took up most of them

Answer 27

-in 1970s 645,000 jobs were created in LA and 1/3 were taken by Mexicans

Question 28

how many illegal immigrants were deported in 1980

Answer 28

1 million illegals found and deported but many protected by corrupt employers

Question 29

immigration legistlation 1940-80

Answer 29

1940 Alien registration act (non citizens to register with government0 1948 displaced persons act (allows 415,000 displaced by war) 1952 immigration and nationality act (retains limit to 150,000 and quotas) 1954 operation wetback (deporting illegal immigrants 1957 refugee escapee act (expanded to cover people escaping communist countries) 1965 immigration and nationality act (abolished 1952 quotas and sets limit to 170,000 a year and allows more asian immigration0 1966 cuban adjustment act (gave cubans citizenship post 1559) 1968 Armed forces neautralisation act (makes everyone who fought in the war a US citizen) 1976- immigration and nationality act expands (incluedes western hemisphere, like mexico and south america for the first time) limits hispanic immigration to 20,000

Question 30

1940 Alien registration act

Answer 30

non citizens to register with government

Question 30

1948 displaced persons act

Answer 30

allows 415,000 displaced by war

Question 31

1952 immigration and nationality act

Answer 31

retains limit to 150,000 and quotas

Question 32

1957 refugee escapee act

Answer 32

expanded to cover people escaping communist countries

Question 33

1965 immigration and nationality act

Answer 33

abolished 1952 quotas and sets limit to 170,000 a year and allows more asian immigration ALSTO CALLED THE HART-CELLAR ACT

Question 34

1966 cuban adjustment act

Answer 34

gave cubans citizenship if they had been present in the United States for at least 2 years.

Question 35

1968 Armed forces neautralisation act

Answer 35

makes everyone who fought in the war a US citizen

Question 36

1976- immigration and nationality act expands

Answer 36

(incluedes western hemisphere, like mexico and south america for the first time) limits hispanic immigration to 20,000

Question 37

why were there shifting attitudes to immigration

Answer 37

-shifted with gov policy: republicans liked to restrict and liberals were keen to adapt -1970s exonomic depression: blame centred on black people and immigrants, thought they drained economy and taxes werespent on them -1980: swing towards nativism, a form of isolation (desire to control immigration)

Question 38

JFK's attitude to immigration?

Answer 38

- firm opponent of quotas - 1958, wrote a book called 'A Nation of Immigrants', argued that everyone in the US was an immigrant, that they enriched the country and that anti-immigrant attitudes were un-American