minority rights Flashcards
(69 cards)
How did the US government manage Native American affairs before FDR?
The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) implemented regulations to break up tribal culture and cohesion.
What was the Indian Removal Act and when was it passed?
The Indian Removal Act was passed in 1930 and forcibly relocated many Native Americans through treaties made with individual tribes.
What did the Indian New Deal do?
It provided funds to build schools and hospitals, created an ‘Indian’ CCC, and reversed the trend of assimilation of tribes.
How were Native Americans treated post-FDR?
Federal policy became assimilation again, and the BIA encouraged them to move to towns and cities for work, disrupting tribal culture.
What was termination and how did Native Americans respond to it?
Termination, passed in 1953, freed Native Americans from federal control but put tribal lands up for sale. Many resisted this policy.
How many Native Americans lived in towns and cities by 1970 and why was this significant?
By 1970, half of all Native Americans lived in towns and cities, which was significant as it marked a shift from traditional tribal life.
What was the Indian Civil Rights Act (1968)?
It gave individual Native Americans rights based on the Bill of Rights but led to forced assimilation by removing power from Indigenous governments.
What was the American Indian Movement (AIM) and why was it created?
AIM was created in retaliation to the Indian Civil Rights Act and comprised mostly of young urban people with a grassroots, radical, anti-federal stance.
From which movement did AIM adopt their techniques and what were they?
AIM adopted techniques from the black civil rights movement, including sit-ins, demonstrations, and occupations.
What are two examples of Red Power occupations?
The Alcatraz Red Power Movement (1969-71) and the occupation of Wounded Knee village in February 1973.
What are two examples of Red Power demonstrations?
The Trail of Broken Treaties (1972) and The Longest Walk from San Francisco to Washington (1978).
How did AIM fight the appropriation of Native American culture?
AIM challenged the ‘Red Indian’ pastiches and protested against cultural appropriation.
How did Nixon feel about the Red Power movement?
Nixon was sympathetic to the cause and thought it would be easier to achieve change for Native Americans than for black Americans.
What 5 examples of legislative change did the Red Power movement achieve?
The 1972 Indian Education Act, 1974 Indian Financing Act, 1975 Indian Self-Determination Act, 1975 Voting Rights Act extension, and 1978 Indian Religious Freedom Act.
What successes did the Red Power movement see with having land returned?
Land at Blue Lake was returned to the Taos Pueblo tribe in 1970, and the 1971 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act transferred land and funds to Native Alaskans.
What were the limitations of the Red Power movement?
Nixon’s government did not reform the BIA nor renegotiate about Native American sacred sites, and no overall solution to land issues was found.
Where did most Hispanic people tend to live in the US?
Puerto Ricans lived in poor areas of Northern cities, Cubans in Florida, and Mexicans mainly in California and Texas.
What was the bracero program?
A Mexican immigration program (1942-64) where 4.6 million Mexicans signed contracts to work in exchange for guaranteed housing and wages.
Why did farm workers not like the Mexicans brought over on the Bracero program?
They resented Mexicans for working for lower wages, which they believed stole jobs from other farm workers.
What were the 4 focuses of the Hispanic civil rights movement?
Land, worker’s rights, discrimination, and deportation.
Why did the Hispanic rights movement focus on land?
The issue of land rights in New Mexico became a focus of protest after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848.
Why did the Hispanic rights movement focus on worker’s rights?
Hispanic farm workers often faced awful working conditions and lacked union representation.
Why did the Hispanic rights movement focus on discrimination?
Many Hispanic individuals faced racial discrimination and lived in ‘barrios’ in poor urban areas.
Why did the Hispanic rights movement focus on deportation?
Post-1953, US immigration services deported millions, including US citizens active in protests.
