Block B 1

Question 1

chemicals used in gram stain

Answer 1

crystal violet
iodine sol
alcohol
safarin

Question 2

what colour do gram +ve cells turn

Answer 2

purple

Question 3

what colour do gram -ve cells turn

Answer 3

pink to red

Question 4

what do gram +ve cell walls contain

Answer 4

90% peptidoglycan

Question 5

what is common to have embedded in +ve cell walls

Answer 5

teichoic acids

Question 6

what are lipoteichoic acids

Answer 6

teichioc acids covalently bound to membrane lipids

Question 7

what is morphology

Answer 7

cell shape

Question 8

the 3 major gram +ve bacterial groups

Answer 8

actinobacteria
tenericutes
firmicutes

Question 9

how many taxonomic groups associated with corynebacterium, arthobacter

Answer 9

30

Question 10

2 things that come from corynebacterium, arthrobacter

Answer 10

C.diptheria (diphtheria)
C. glutamicum (MSG)

Question 11

shape of mycobacterium

Answer 11

rod shaped

Question 12

2 things that come from mycobacterium

Answer 12

M. tuberculosis
M. leprae

Question 13

what group makes up 70% of all antibiotics

Answer 13

filamentous actinobacteria

Question 14

2 examples of filamentous bacteria

Answer 14

streptomyces, norcardia

Question 15

shape of lactobacillus

Answer 15

rod shaped
grow in chains

Question 16

uses of lactobacillus

Answer 16

dairy products
yogurt
sauerkraut
resistant to acidic conditions (grow in pH as low as 4)

Question 17

what does the fermentation od lactose produce

Answer 17

lactic acid

Question 18

shape of streptococcus

Answer 18

coccus shaped
grow in chains

Question 19

lactococcus use

Answer 19

genus of dairy significance

Question 20

enterococcus

Answer 20

UTIs
endocarditis
diverticulitis
meningitis

Question 21

streptococcus species

Answer 21

dental plaque

Question 22

streptococcus viridans

Answer 22

scarlet (rheumatic) fever

Question 23

streptococcus pyogenes

Answer 23

strep throat
necrotizing fascilitis

Question 24

streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer 24

pneumonia

Question 25

example of nonsporulating bacillales and clostridiales

Answer 25

staphlococcus

Question 26

2 conditions associated with S. aureus

Answer 26

methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) vancomycin resistant MRSA

Question 27

what of the 3 main groups do sporulating bacillales and clostridales belong to

Answer 27

firmicutes

Question 28

where are bacillus, clostridium, sporosarcina generally found

Answer 28

soil

Question 29

what are endospores advantageous for

Answer 29

soil microorganisms

Question 30

significance of B. subtilis

Answer 30

gram +ve eqvn of E.coli as a model organism

Question 31

is clostridium aerobic or anaerobic

Answer 31

anaerobic lacks a resp chain

Question 32

how does clostridium produce ATP

Answer 32

by substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 33

what species perform stickland reactions

Answer 33

some clostridium

Question 34

what is a stickland reaction

Answer 34

metabolism of a pair of amino acids

Question 35

what do pathogenic species of clostridium cause

Answer 35

botulism tetanus gangrene

Question 36

3 forms of anthrax and their prognosis

Answer 36

-cutaneous: insect bite (fair prognosis) -GI: eating contaminated meat (intermed. prognosis) -inhalation (pulmonary: inhaling spores (poor prognosis)

Question 37

what can all forms of anthrax poisoning lead to

Answer 37

fatal systemic anthrax

Question 38

what is capsule when talking about surface structures of B. anthracis

Answer 38

linear polymer of y-D-glutamic sheath

Question 39

what is S layer when talking about surface structures of B. anthracis

Answer 39

proteinaceous paracrystalline sheath

Question 40

what are AB toxins

Answer 40

toxins with intracellular target that have 2 functionally distinct regions (A&B)

Question 41

what is A responsible for in AB toxins

Answer 41

enzymatic activity

Question 42

what is B responsible for in AB toxins

Answer 42

for host cell binding or entry of A unit to cell

Question 43

the 2 ways that AB toxins operate

Answer 43

-single polypeptide that is proteolytically cleaved at a later stage -separate polypeptides that subsequently assemble